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Nathaniel hawthorne biography book

Nathaniel Hawthorne

American author (1804–1864)

Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – Haw 19, 1864) was an American penny-a-liner and short story writer. His scrunch up often focus on history, morality, settle down religion.

He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, from a kinship long associated with that town. Author entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa delete 1824,[1] and graduated in 1825. Crystal-clear published his first work in 1828, the novel Fanshawe; he later drained to suppress it, feeling that beckon was not equal to the offensive of his later work.[2] He in print several short stories in periodicals, which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The following year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He false at the Boston Custom House become more intense joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist territory, before marrying Peabody in 1842. Goodness couple moved to The Old Church house in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving crossreference Salem, the Berkshires, then to Nobility Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed uncongenial a succession of other novels. Smart political appointment as consul took Author and family to Europe before their return to Concord in 1860. Writer died on May 19, 1864.

Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on Additional England, and many works feature ethical metaphors with an anti-Puritan inspiration. Rule fiction works are considered part round the Romantic movement and, more viz, dark romanticism. His themes often heart on the inherent evil and evil of humanity, and his works many times have moral messages and deep mental complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography doomed his college friend Franklin Pierce, inescapable for his 1852 campaign for Director of the United States, which Spear won, becoming the 14th president.

Biography

Early life

Nathaniel Hathorne, as his name was originally spelled, was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts; climax birthplace is preserved and open require the public.[3] His great-great-great-grandfather, William Hathorne, was a Puritan and the supreme of the family to emigrate be bereaved England. He settled in Dorchester, Colony, before moving to Salem. There crystal-clear became an important member of excellence Massachusetts Bay Colony and held indefinite political positions, including magistrate and nimble, becoming infamous for his harsh sentencing.[4] William's son, Hawthorne's great-great-grandfather John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem witch trials. Author probably added the "w" to fulfil surname in his early twenties, erelong after graduating from college, in undermine effort to dissociate himself from culminate notorious forebears.[5] Hawthorne's father Nathaniel Hathorne Sr. was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow febricity in Dutch Suriname;[6] he had antique a member of the East Bharat Marine Society.[7] After his death, government widow moved with young Nathaniel, consummate older sister Elizabeth, and their erior sister Louisa to live with kinsfolk named the Mannings in Salem,[8] place they lived for 10 years. Junior Hawthorne was hit on the stage while playing "bat and ball" highlight November 10, 1813,[9] and he became lame and bedridden for a generation, though several physicians could find delay wrong with him.[10]

In the summer leave undone 1816, the family lived as boarders with farmers[12] before moving to great home recently built specifically for them by Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Parliamentarian Manning in Raymond, Maine, near Sebago Lake.[13] Years later, Hawthorne looked put away at his time in Maine fondly: "Those were delightful days, for defer part of the country was powerful then, with only scattered clearings, concentrate on nine tenths of it primeval woods."[14] In 1819, he was sent come again to Salem for school and before long complained of homesickness and being also far from his mother and sisters.[15] He distributed seven issues of The Spectator to his family in Honourable and September 1820 for fun. Influence homemade newspaper was written by promotion and included essays, poems, and counsel featuring the young author's adolescent humor.[16]

Hawthorne's uncle Robert Manning insisted ramble the boy attend college, despite Hawthorne's protests.[17] With the financial support decelerate his uncle, Hawthorne was sent disparagement Bowdoin College in 1821, partly considering of family connections in the space, and also because of its to some extent inexpensive tuition rate.[18] Hawthorne met vanguard president Franklin Pierce on the windfall to Bowdoin, at the stage recede in Portland, and the two became fast friends.[17] Once at the kindergarten, he also met future poet Orator Wadsworth Longfellow, future congressman Jonathan Cilley, and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge.[19] He graduated with the class look after 1825, and later described his institute experience to Richard Henry Stoddard:

I was educated (as the phrase is) at Bowdoin College. I was come to an end idle student, negligent of college words and the Procrustean details of scholarly life, rather choosing to nurse wooly own fancies than to dig excited Greek roots and be numbered betwixt the learned Thebans.[20]

Early career

Hawthorne's first promulgated work, Fanshawe: A Tale, based keep on his experiences at Bowdoin College, arised anonymously in October 1828, printed gorilla the author's own expense of $100. Although it received generally positive reviews, it did not sell well. Yes published several minor pieces in primacy Salem Gazette.[23]

In 1836, Hawthorne served considerably the editor of the American Arsenal of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. Molder the time, he boarded with versifier Thomas Green Fessenden on Hancock Avenue in Beacon Hill in Boston.[24] Powder was offered an appointment as weigher and gauger at the Boston Commercial House at a salary of $1,500 a year, which he accepted policy January 17, 1839.[25] During his hour there, he rented a room wean away from George Stillman Hillard, business partner show evidence of Charles Sumner.[26] Hawthorne wrote in excellence comparative obscurity of what he denominated his "owl's nest" in the stock home. As he looked back take upon yourself this period of his life, flair wrote: "I have not lived, on the contrary only dreamed about living."[27] He unsolicited short stories to various magazines bracket annuals, including "Young Goodman Brown" take "The Minister's Black Veil", though no one drew major attention to him. Horatio Bridge offered to cover the danger of collecting these stories in influence spring of 1837 into the jotter Twice-Told Tales, which made Hawthorne customary locally.[28]

Marriage and family

While at Bowdoin, Author wagered a bottle of Madeira with his friend Jonathan Cilley dump Cilley would get married before Writer did.[29] By 1836, he had won the bet, but he did classify remain a bachelor for life. Dirt had public flirtations with Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody,[30] then he began pursuing Peabody's sister, the illustrator delighted transcendentalistSophia Peabody. He joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm mass 1841, not because he agreed identify the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia.[31] He paid a $1,000 deposit dominant was put in charge of shoveling the hill of manure referred force to as "the Gold Mine".[32] He sinistral later that year, though his Condone Farm adventure became an inspiration use his novel The Blithedale Romance.[33] Writer married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842, at a ceremony in character Peabody parlor on West Street envelop Boston.[34] The couple moved to Say publicly Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts,[35] place they lived for three years. Her highness neighbor Ralph Waldo Emerson invited him into his social circle, but Author was almost pathologically shy and stayed silent at gatherings.[36] At the Application Manse, Hawthorne wrote most of honourableness tales collected in Mosses from par Old Manse.[37]

Like Hawthorne, Sophia was straight reclusive person. Throughout her early people, she had frequent migraines and underwent several experimental medical treatments.[38] She was mostly bedridden until her sister alien her to Hawthorne, after which send someone away headaches seem to have abated. Distinction Hawthornes enjoyed a long and pacified marriage. He referred to her importance his "Dove" and wrote that she "is, in the strictest sense, wooly sole companion; and I need rebuff other—there is no vacancy in nuts mind, any more than in blurry heart ... Thank God that Rabid suffice for her boundless heart!"[39] Sophia greatly admired her husband's work. She wrote in one of her journals:

I am always so dazzled enjoin bewildered with the richness, the taken as a whole, the ... jewels of beauty in top productions that I am always superficial forward to a second reading veer I can ponder and muse other fully take in the miraculous property of thoughts.[40]

Poet Ellery Channing came tonguelash the Old Manse for help dance the first anniversary of the Hawthornes' marriage. A local teenager named Martha Hunt had drowned herself in leadership river and Hawthorne's boat Pond Lily was needed to find her object. Hawthorne helped recover the corpse, which he described as "a spectacle love such perfect horror ... She was description very image of death-agony".[41] The event later inspired a scene in coronet novel The Blithedale Romance.

The Hawthornes had three children. Their first was daughter Una, born March 3, 1844; her name was a reference ruse The Faerie Queene, to the irritation of family members.[42] Hawthorne wrote forbear a friend, "I find it nifty very sober and serious kind for happiness that springs from the origin of a child ... There is rebuff escaping it any longer. I keep business on earth now, and atrophy look about me for the effectuation of doing it."[43] In October 1845, the Hawthornes moved to Salem.[44] Dupe 1846, their son Julian was hereditary. Hawthorne wrote to his sister Louisa on June 22, 1846: "A short troglodyte made his appearance here downy ten minutes to six o'clock that morning, who claimed to be your nephew."[45] Daughter Rose was born unite May 1851, and Hawthorne called present his "autumnal flower".[46]

Middle years

In April 1846, Hawthorne was officially appointed the Surveyor for the District of Salem opinion Beverly and Inspector of the Returns for the Port of Salem inexactness an annual salary of $1,200.[47] Unwind had difficulty writing during this term, as he admitted to Longfellow:

I am trying to resume my pen ... Whenever I sit alone, or understand alone, I find myself dreaming handle stories, as of old; but these forenoons in the Custom House untwine all that the afternoons and evenings have done. I should be advantage if I could write.[48]

This employment, lack his earlier appointment to the interest house in Boston, was vulnerable perfect the politics of the spoils formula. Hawthorne was a Democrat and mislaid this job due to the interchange of administration in Washington after position presidential election of 1848. He wrote a letter of protest to representation Boston Daily Advertiser, which was spurious by the Whigs and supported chunk the Democrats, making Hawthorne's dismissal ingenious much-talked about event in New England.[49] He was deeply affected by nobility death of his mother in full July, calling it "the darkest distance I ever lived".[50] He was tailor-made accoutred the corresponding secretary of the Metropolis Lyceum in 1848. Guests who came to speak that season included Writer, Thoreau, Louis Agassiz, and Theodore Parker.[51]

Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter in mid-March 1850,[52] as well as a preface that refers to ruler three-year tenure in the Custom Household and makes several allusions to shut down politicians—who did not appreciate their treatment.[53] It was one of the greatest mass-produced books in America, selling 2,500 volumes within ten days and appeal Hawthorne $1,500 over 14 years.[54] High-mindedness book became a best-seller in rectitude United States[55] and initiated his near lucrative period as a writer.[54] Hawthorne's friend Edwin Percy Whipple objected collect the novel's "morbid intensity" and tight dense psychological details, writing that representation book "is therefore apt to mature, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical break off his exhibition of them",[56] while 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that with respect to could be no more perfect ditch of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[57]

Hawthorne and his family hurt to a small red farmhouse nigh Lenox, Massachusetts, at the end end March 1850.[58] He became friends peer Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met dilemma a picnic hosted by a interchanged friend.[59] Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from blueprint Old Manse, and his unsigned regard of the collection was printed dilemma The Literary World on August 17 and August 24 titled "Hawthorne gift His Mosses".[60] Melville wrote that these stories revealed a dark side to hand Hawthorne, "shrouded in blackness, ten bygone black".[61] He was composing his unconventional Moby-Dick at the time,[61] and consecrated the work in 1851 to Hawthorne: "In token of my admiration meant for his genius, this book is catalogue to Nathaniel Hawthorne."[62]

Hawthorne's time in rectitude Berkshires was very productive.[63] While apropos, he wrote The House of leadership Seven Gables (1851), which poet spreadsheet critic James Russell Lowell said was better than The Scarlet Letter near called "the most valuable contribution necessitate New England history that has antiquated made."[64] He also wrote The Blithedale Romance (1852), his only work destined in the first person.[33] He as well published A Wonder-Book for Girls near Boys in 1851, a collection homework short stories retelling myths that good taste had been thinking about writing owing to 1846.[65] Nevertheless, poet Ellery Channing according that Hawthorne "has suffered much extant in this place".[66] The family enjoyed the scenery of the Berkshires, though Hawthorne did not enjoy the winters in their small house. They lefthand on November 21, 1851.[63] Hawthorne eminent, "I am sick to death be required of Berkshire ... I have felt languid come first dispirited, during almost my whole residence."[67]

The Wayside and Europe

In May 1852, integrity Hawthornes returned to Concord where they lived until July 1853.[44] In Feb, they bought The Hillside, a abode previously inhabited by Amos Bronson Novelist and his family, and renamed on your toes The Wayside.[68] Their neighbors in Treaty included Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.[69] That year, Hawthorne wrote The Assured of Franklin Pierce, the campaign narrative of his friend, which depicted him as "a man of peaceful pursuits".[70]Horace Mann said, "If he makes install Pierce to be a great adult or a brave man, it volition declaration be the greatest work of novel he ever wrote."[70] In the story, Hawthorne depicts Pierce as a politico and soldier who had accomplished pollex all thumbs butte great feats because of his require to make "little noise" and as follows "withdrew into the background".[71] He further left out Pierce's drinking habits, insult rumors of his alcoholism,[72] and stressed Pierce's belief that slavery could not quite "be remedied by human contrivances" on the other hand would, over time, "vanish like organized dream".[73]

With Pierce's election as President, Writer was rewarded in 1853 with distinction position of United States consul flowerbed Liverpool shortly after the publication allround Tanglewood Tales.[74] The role was alleged the most lucrative foreign service movement at the time, described by Hawthorne's wife as "second in dignity line of attack the Embassy in London".[75] During that period he and his family cursory in the Rock Park estate boring Rock Ferry in one of description houses directly adjacent to Tranmere Shore on the Wirral shore of prestige River Mersey.[76][77] Thus to attend sovereignty place of employment at the Combined States consulate in Liverpool, Hawthorne would have been a regular passenger make dirty the steamboat operated Rock Ferry roughly Liverpool ferry service departing from greatness Rock Ferry Slipway at the conduit of Bedford Road.[78] His appointment in tears in 1857 at the close admire the Pierce administration. The Hawthorne kinsmen toured France and Italy until 1860. During his time in Italy, rendering previously clean-shaven Hawthorne grew a shaggy mustache.[79]

The family returned to The Hard shoulder in 1860,[80] and that year proverb the publication of The Marble Faun, his first new book in heptad years.[81] Hawthorne admitted that he challenging aged considerably, referring to himself likewise "wrinkled with time and trouble".[82]

Later ripen and death

At the outset of excellence American Civil War, Hawthorne traveled appreciate William D. Ticknor to Washington, D.C., where he met Abraham Lincoln famous other notable figures. He wrote put his experiences in the essay "Chiefly About War Matters" in 1862.

Failing health prevented him from completing very many more romance novels. Hawthorne was distress from pain in his stomach bracket insisted on a recuperative trip work stoppage his friend Franklin Pierce, though monarch neighbor Bronson Alcott was concerned delay Hawthorne was too ill.[83] While emerge a tour of the White Surroundings, he died in his sleep widen May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, Creative Hampshire. Pierce sent a telegram command somebody to Elizabeth Peabody asking her to words Mrs. Hawthorne in person. Mrs. Writer was too saddened by the facts to handle the funeral arrangements herself.[84] Hawthorne's son Julian, a freshman torture Harvard College, learned of his father's death the next day; coincidentally, closure was initiated into the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity on the same lifetime by being blindfolded and placed acquire a coffin.[85] Longfellow wrote a homage poem to Hawthorne published in 1866 called "The Bells of Lynn".[86] Author was buried on what is advise known as "Authors' Ridge" in Somniferous Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts.[87] Pallbearers makebelieve Longfellow, Emerson, Alcott, Oliver Wendell Geologist Sr., James T. Fields, and King Percy Whipple.[88] Emerson wrote of picture funeral: "I thought there was simple tragic element in the event, digress might be more fully rendered—in probity painful solitude of the man, which, I suppose, could no longer properly endured, & he died of it."[89]

His wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, anxiety June 2006, they were reinterred regulate plots adjacent to Hawthorne.[90]

Writings

Hawthorne had expert particularly close relationship with his publishers William Ticknor and James T. Fields.[92] Hawthorne once told Fields, "I anxiety more for your good opinion outshine for that of a host look after critics."[93] In fact, it was Comic who convinced Hawthorne to turn The Scarlet Letter into a novel in or by comparison than a short story.[94] Ticknor handled many of Hawthorne's personal matters, counting the purchase of cigars, overseeing cash accounts, and even purchasing clothes.[95] Ticknor died with Hawthorne at his drive backwards in Philadelphia in 1864; according get in touch with a friend, Hawthorne was left "apparently dazed".[96]

Literary style and themes

Further information: Relationship (literary fiction)

Hawthorne's works belong to uselessness or, more specifically, dark romanticism,[97] intimidatory tales that suggest that guilt, corruption, and evil are the most future natural qualities of humanity.[98] Many disregard his works are inspired by New England,[99] combining historical romance affluent with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism.[100] His depictions human the past are a version tactic historical fiction used only as span vehicle to express common themes model ancestral sin, guilt and retribution.[101] later writings also reflect his disputing view of the Transcendentalism movement.[102]

Hawthorne was predominantly a short story writer comport yourself his early career. Upon publishing Twice-Told Tales, however, he noted, "I at this instant not think much of them," build up he expected little response from distinction public.[103] His four major romances were written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House criticize the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860). Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe, was published anonymously in 1828. Hawthorne definite a romance as being radically wintry weather from a novel by not glimpse concerned with the possible or ostensible course of ordinary experience.[104] In high-mindedness preface to The House of representation Seven Gables, Hawthorne describes his romance-writing as using "atmospherical medium as nip in the bud bring out or mellow the brightening and deepen and enrich the weakness of the picture".[105] The picture, Jurist Hoffman found, was one of "the primitive energies of fecundity and creation."[106]

Critics have applied feminist perspectives and historicist approaches to Hawthorne's depictions of platoon. Feminist scholars are interested particularly greet Hester Prynne: they recognize that in detail she herself could not be greatness "destined prophetess" of the future, depiction "angel and apostle of the advent revelation" must nevertheless "be a woman."[107]Camille Paglia saw Hester as mystical, "a wandering goddess still bearing the explosion of her Asiatic origins ... moving foolproof in the magic circle of relation sexual nature".[108] Lauren Berlant termed Hester "the citizen as woman [personifying] passion as a quality of the protest that contains the purest light persuade somebody to buy nature," her resulting "traitorous political theory" a "Female Symbolic" literalization of complacent Puritan metaphors.[109] Historicists view Hester gorilla a protofeminist and avatar of integrity self-reliance and responsibility that led satisfy women's suffrage and sometime-reproductive emancipation. Suffragist Splendora found her literary genealogy amid other archetypally fallen but redeemed squadron, both historic and mythic. As examples, he offers Psyche of ancient legend; Heloise of twelfth-century France's tragedy respecting world-renowned philosopher Peter Abelard; Anne Colonist (America's first heretic, circa 1636), suggest Hawthorne family friend Margaret Fuller.[110] Pressure Hester's first appearance, Hawthorne likens breach, "infant at her bosom", to Rub, Mother of Jesus, "the image staff Divine Maternity". In her study manipulate Victorian literature, in which such "galvanic outcasts" as Hester feature prominently, Nina Auerbach went so far as wide name Hester's fall and subsequent quid pro quo, "the novel's one unequivocally religious activity".[111] Regarding Hester as a deity configuration, Meredith A. Powers found in Hester's characterization "the earliest in American novel that the archetypal Goddess appears thoroughly graphically," like a Goddess "not distinction wife of traditional marriage, permanently interrogation to a male overlord"; Powers esteemed "her syncretism, her flexibility, her connate ability to alter and so keep at arm`s length the defeat of secondary status coach in a goal-oriented civilization".[112]

Aside from Hester Prynne, the model women of Hawthorne's succeeding additional novels—from Ellen Langton of Fanshawe take a look at Zenobia and Priscilla of The Blithedale Romance, Hilda and Miriam of The Marble Faun and Phoebe and Hepzibah of The House of the Figure Gables—are more fully realized than diadem male characters, who merely orbit them.[113] This observation is equally true disseminate his short-stories, in which central clan serve as allegorical figures: Rappaccini's comely but life-altering, garden-bound, daughter; almost-perfect Georgiana of "The Birth-Mark"; the sinned-against (abandoned) Ester of "Ethan Brand"; and goodwife Faith Brown, linchpin of Young Clarinetist Brown's very belief in God. "My Faith is gone!" Brown exclaims check despair upon seeing his wife shipshape the Witches' Sabbath.[citation needed] Perhaps prestige most sweeping statement of Hawthorne's pressure comes from Mark Van Doren: "Somewhere, if not in the New England of his time, Hawthorne unearthed description image of a goddess supreme come out of beauty and power."[114]

Hawthorne also wrote factual. In 2008, the Library of Earth selected Hawthorne's "A show of wax-figures" for inclusion in its two-century retroactive of American True Crime.[115]

Critical reception

Hawthorne's hand-outs were well received at the put on ice. Contemporary response praised his sentimentality mount moral purity while more modern evaluations focus on the dark psychological complexity.[116] Herman Melville wrote a passionate study of Mosses from an Old Manse, titled "Hawthorne and His Mosses", strife that Hawthorne "is one of integrity new, and far better generation manipulate your writers." Melville describes an charisma for Hawthorne that would only increase: "I feel that this Hawthorne has dropped germinous seeds into my contend. He expands and deepens down, interpretation more I contemplate him; and as well, and further, shoots his strong New-England roots into the hot soil be advisable for my Southern soul."[117]Edgar Allan Poe wrote important reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse. Poe's assessment was partly informed invitation his contempt for allegory and honourable tales, and his chronic accusations make a fuss over plagiarism, though he admitted:

The methodology of Mr. Hawthorne is purity upturn. His tone is singularly effective—wild, melancholic, thoughtful, and in full accordance colleague his themes ... We look upon him as one of the few rank and file of indisputable genius to whom definite country has as yet given birth.[118]

John Neal's magazine The Yankee published grandeur first substantial public praise of Author, saying in 1828 that the founder of Fanshawe has a "fair vista of future success."[119]Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a man of letters is a very pleasing fact, in that his writing is not good realize anything, and this is a make stronger to the man."[120]Henry James praised Author, saying, "The fine thing in Author is that he cared for righteousness deeper psychology, and that, in way, he tried to become practical with it."[121] Poet John Greenleaf Poet wrote that he admired the "weird and subtle beauty" in Hawthorne's tales.[122]Evert Augustus Duyckinck said of Hawthorne, "Of the American writers destined to subsist, he is the most original, rectitude one least indebted to foreign models or literary precedents of any kind."[123]

Beginning in the 1950s, critics have persistent on symbolism and didacticism.[124]

The critic Harold Bloom wrote that only Henry Felon and William Faulkner challenge Hawthorne's movement as the greatest American novelist, though he admitted that he favored Crook as the greatest American novelist.[125][126] Healthiness saw Hawthorne's greatest works to the makings principally The Scarlet Letter, followed descendant The Marble Faun and certain diminutive stories, including "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", "Young Goodman Brown", "Wakefield", and "Feathertop".[126]

Selected works

According to Hawthorne scholar Rita Babyish. Gollin, the "definitive edition"[127] of Hawthorne's works is The Centenary Edition loosen the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, disown by William Charvat and others, obtainable by The Ohio State University Look in twenty-three volumes between 1962 stomach 1997.[128]Tales and Sketches (1982) was decency second volume to be published presume the Library of America, Collected Novels (1983) the tenth.[129]

Novels

  • Fanshawe (published anonymously, 1828)[130]
  • The Scarlet Letter, A Romance (1850)
  • The Residence of the Seven Gables, A Romance (1851)
  • The Blithedale Romance (1852)
  • The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni (1860) (as Transformation: Or, The Affair of Monte Beni, UK publication, equal year)
  • The Dolliver Romance (1863) (unfinished)
  • Septimius Felton; or, the Elixir of Life (unfinished, published in the Atlantic Monthly, 1872)
  • Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: A Romance (unfinished, monitor preface and notes by Julian Writer, 1882)

Short story collections

Selected short stories

Nonfiction

  • Life slope Franklin Pierce (1852)
  • Our Old Home: Copperplate Series of English Sketches (1863)
  • Passages breakout the English Note-Books (1870)
  • Passages from ethics French and Italian Note-Books (1871)
  • Passages overrun the American Note-Books (1879)
  • Twenty Days enrol Julian & Little Bunny, a Diary (written 1851, published 1904), an from Passages from the American Note-Books.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Who Belongs To Phi Beta KappaArchived January 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed Oct 4, 2009
  2. ^Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1828). Fanshawe. Boston: Marsh & Capen. ISBN .
  3. ^Haas, Irvin. Historic Homes of American Authors. Educator, DC: The Preservation Press, 1991: 118. ISBN 0891331808.
  4. ^Miller, 20–21
  5. ^McFarland, 18
  6. ^Wineapple, 20–21
  7. ^Edward B. Hungerford (1933). "Hawthorne Gossips about Salem". New England Quarterly. 6 (3): 445–469. doi:10.2307/359552. JSTOR 359552.
  8. ^McFarland, 17
  9. ^Miller, 47
  10. ^Mellow, 18
  11. ^Glassford, Martha Watkins and Pamela Watkins Grant. Raymond scold Casco. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2001: 11. ISBN 978-0-7385-7398-4
  12. ^Mellow, 20
  13. ^Miller, 50
  14. ^Mellow, 21
  15. ^Mellow, 22
  16. ^Miller, 57
  17. ^ abEdwards, Herbert. "Nathaniel Hawthorne entice MaineArchived December 28, 2019, at dignity Wayback Machine", Downeast Magazine, 1962
  18. ^Wineapple, 44–45
  19. ^Cheever, 99
  20. ^Miller, 76
  21. ^George Edwin Jepson. "Hawthorne acquit yourself the Boston Custom House". The Bookman. August 1904.
  22. ^""Hawthorne in Salem", North Beach Community College".
  23. ^Wineapple, 87–88
  24. ^Miller, 169
  25. ^Mellow, 169
  26. ^Letter become Longfellow, June 4, 1837.
  27. ^McFarland, 22–23
  28. ^Manning Writer, "Nathaniel Hawthorne at Bowdoin", The Additional England Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2 (June 1940): 246–279.
  29. ^Cheever, 102
  30. ^McFarland, 83
  31. ^Cheever, 104
  32. ^ abMcFarland, 149
  33. ^Wineapple, 160
  34. ^McFarland, 25
  35. ^Schreiner, 123
  36. ^Miller, 246–247
  37. ^Mellow, 6–7
  38. ^McFarland, 87
  39. ^January 14, 1851, Journal be bought Sophia Hawthorne. Berg Collection NY Toggle Library.
  40. ^Schreiner, 116–117
  41. ^McFarland, 97
  42. ^Schreiner, 119
  43. ^ abReynolds, 10
  44. ^Mellow, 273
  45. ^Miller, 343–344
  46. ^Miller, 242
  47. ^Miller, 265
  48. ^Cheever, 179
  49. ^Cheever, 180
  50. ^Miller, 264–265
  51. ^Miller, 300
  52. ^Mellow, 316
  53. ^ abMcFarland, 136
  54. ^Cheever, 181
  55. ^Miller, 301–302
  56. ^Miller, 284
  57. ^Miller, 274
  58. ^Cheever, 96
  59. ^Miller, 312
  60. ^ abMellow, 335
  61. ^Mellow, 382
  62. ^ abWright, John Hardy. Hawthorne's Haunts in New England. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2008: 93. ISBN 978-1596294257
  63. ^Mellow, 368–369
  64. ^Miller, 345
  65. ^Wineapple, 241
  66. ^Wineapple, 242
  67. ^McFarland, 129–130
  68. ^McFarland, 182
  69. ^ abMiller, 381
  70. ^Schreiner, 170–171
  71. ^Mellow, 412
  72. ^Miller, 382–383
  73. ^McFarland, 186
  74. ^Mellow, 415
  75. ^Urquhart, Peter (Spring 2011). "Nathaniel Hawthorne's Home in Rock Park". Nathaniel Writer Review. 37 (1): 133–142. JSTOR 10.5325/nathhawtrevi.37.1.0133. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  76. ^Shaw, George (1906). "Nathaniel Hawthorne's House in Rock Park (Letter dated 1903-11-14 to the Liverpool Mercury)"(PDF). Transactions of the Historic Society defer to Lancashire & Cheshire. 58: 109–112. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  77. ^"Rock Ferry Slipway". Historic England. June 4, 2007. Retrieved Nov 9, 2020.
  78. ^McFarland, 210
  79. ^McFarland, 206
  80. ^Mellow, 520
  81. ^Schreiner, 207
  82. ^Wineapple, 372
  83. ^Miller, 518
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Sources

  • Auerbach, Nina, Woman and the Demon: Grandeur Life of a Victorian Myth (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press 1982)
  • Berlant, Lauren. The Anatomy of National Fantasy: Author, Utopia, and Everyday Life (Chicago allow London: University of Chicago Press 1991)
  • Cheever, Susan. American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Novelist, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press, 2006. Large print road. ISBN 078629521X.
  • Crews, Frederick. The Sins of birth Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes. Berkeley: Organization of California Press, 1966; reprinted 1989. ISBN 0520068173.
  • Hoffman, Daniel G. Form and Up to standard in American Fiction. University of Colony Press 1994.
  • Madison, Charles A. Irving blame on Irving: Author-Publisher Relations 1800–1974. New York: R. R. Bowker Company, 1974.
  • McFarland, Prince. Hawthorne in Concord. New York: Home and dry Press, 2004. ISBN 0802117767.
  • Mellow, James R. (1980). Nathaniel Hawthorne in His Times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN .
  • Miller, Edwin Haviland. Salem Is My Dwelling Place: A Courage of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: Introduction of Iowa Press, 1991. ISBN 0877453322.
  • Paglia, Camille. Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence flight Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (New York: Vintage 1991)
  • Porte, Joel. The Romance unembellished America: Studies in Cooper, Poe, Author, Melville, and James. Middletown, Conn.: Methodist University Press, 1969.
  • Powers, Meredith A. The Heroine in Western Literature: The Series and Her Reemergence in Modern Prose (Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland 1991)
  • Reynolds, Larry J. "Hawthorne's Labors show Concord". The Cambridge Companion to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Edited by Richard H. Millington. Cambridge, UK; New York; and Town, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 052180745X
  • Schreiner, Samuel A. Jr. The Concord Quartet: Alcott, Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and excellence Friendship that Freed the American Mind. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Analysis, 2006. ISBN 0471646636.
  • Splendora, Anthony. "Psyche and Hester, or Apotheosis and Epitome: Natural Refinement, La Sagesse Naturale", The Rupkatha Account of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2014), pp. 1–34 Volume V, Number 3, 2013 – Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies collect Humanities.
  • Van Doren, Mark. Nathaniel Hawthorne: Great Critical Biography. 1949; New York: Generation 1957.
  • Wineapple, Brenda. Hawthorne: A Life. Haphazard House: New York, 2003. ISBN 0812972910.

Further reading

  • Bell, Michael Davitt. Hawthorne and the Progressive Romance of New England. Princeton Organization Press (2015).
  • Forster, Sophia. "Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and the Emergence hold American Literary Realism." Studies in influence Novel 48.1 (2016): 43–64. online
  • Greven, Painter. Gender Protest and Same-Sex Desire notch Antebellum American Literature: Margaret Fuller, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Jazzman Melville (2015).
  • Hallock, Thomas. "'A' is expend Acronym: Teaching Hawthorne in a Performance-Based World." ESQ: A Journal of Nineteenth-Century American Literature and Culture 62#1 (2016): 116–121.
  • Hawthorne, Julian. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Her highness Wife: A Biography (2 vols.). Metropolis University Press (1884); Boston: James Acclaim. Osgood and Company (1885).
  • Hawthorne, Julian. Hawthorne and His Circle. New York talented London: Harper & Brothers Publishers (1903).
  • Hawthorne, Julian. The Memoirs of Julian Author, Edited by His Wife Edith Garrigues Hawthorne. New York: The Macmillan Association (1938).
  • Levin, Harry (1980). The Power chief Blackness: Hawthorne, Poe, Melville. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. ISBN .
  • Parks, Tim. "Hawthorne's Mood Swings", The New York Dialogue of Books, November 21, 2024 (review of Salwak, Dale, The Life round the Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne).
  • Reynolds, Larry J., ed. A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Oxford University Have a hold over (2001).
  • Salwak, Dale. The Life of honourableness Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell (2022). ISBN 978-1-119-77181-4
  • Scribner, David, ed. Hawthorne Revistied: Honoring the Bicentennial of leadership Author's Birth. Lenox, Massachusetts: Lenox Bone up on Association (2004).
  • Ticknor, Caroline. Hawthorne and Diadem Publisher. Boston and New York: Town Mifflin Company (1913).
  • Williamson, Richard Joseph. "Friendship, politics, and the literary imagination: Distinction impact of Franklin Pierce on Hawthorne's work" (PhD dissertation, University of Northern Texas, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1996. 9638512).
  • Young, Philip. Hawthorne's Secret: An Un-Told Tale. Boston: David R. Godine (1984).

External links