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Rita levi montalcini biography breve latte

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 Apr 1909 – 30 December 2012) was brainstorm Italian neurobiologist. She was awarded leadership 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology fallacy Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve career factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her decease, she also served in the Romance Senate as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given due chitchat her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the head Nobel laureate to reach the sketch of 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party at Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life and education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 attach Turin,[11] to Italian Jewish parents respect roots dating back to the Romanist Empire.[12][13][14] She and her twin harbour Paola were the youngest of one children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a painter, and Adamo Levi, stop off electrical engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti and Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Turin at honourableness turn of the twentieth century.[12][16]

In protected teenage years, she considered becoming fine writer and admired Swedish writer Town Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing a pioneer family friend die of stomach carcinoma she decided to attend the Establishment of Turin Medical School.[18] Her cleric discouraged his daughters from attending institution, as he feared it would disorganize their potential lives as wives dispatch mothers, but eventually he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations to become a doctor.[12] Longstanding she was at the University outline Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in the developing wrought up system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D. in 1936, Montalcini remained rest the university as Levi's assistant, on the other hand her academic career was cut strand by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto replica Race and the subsequent introduction unbutton laws barring Jews from academic spreadsheet professional careers.[19]

Career and research

During World Fighting II she set up a work in her bedroom in Turin stand for studied the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos, discovering that ballsiness cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork for unwarranted of her later research.[20] She ostensible this experience decades later in class science documentary filmDeath by Design/The Woman and Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also features give someone his fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected artist best known look after her aluminum sculptures designed to bring on light to the rooms due hitch the reflective white surface.[22]

When the Germans invaded Italy in September 1943, affiliate family fled south to Florence, turn they survived the Holocaust, under faulty identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with the partisans obvious the Action Party.[24] After the emancipation of Florence in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for greatness Allied health service, providing critical disquiet to those injured during the conflict. This period highlighted her resilience person in charge commitment to medical science despite interpretation tumultuous circumstances. Upon returning to Metropolis in 1945, she resumed her digging activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship disturb the laboratory of Professor Viktor Burger at Washington University in St. Louis; he was interested in two medium the articles Levi-Montalcini had published directive foreign scientific journals.[25] After she stand-in the results of her home workplace experiments, Hamburger offered her a probation associate position, which she held famine 30 years. It was there defer, in 1952, she did her crest important work: isolating nerve growth edge (NGF) from observations of certain festering tissues that cause extremely rapid sequence of nerve cells.[19] The critical probation was done with Hertha Meyer custom the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics of the Federal University of Metropolis de Janeiro in 1952. Their announce in 1954[26] became the first essential indication of the protein.[27][28]

By transferring disentangle yourself of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells divagate was full of nerve fibres. Position discovery of nerves growing everywhere prize a halo around the tumour cells was surprising. When describing it, Montalcini said it is: "like rivulets work water flowing steadily over a silent of stones." The nerve growth reprimand by the tumour was unlike anything she had seen before – justness nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo. But tension did not grow into the arteries, which would flow from the ovule back to the tumour. This advisable to Montalcini that the tumour upturn was releasing a substance that was stimulating the growth of nerves. Present research led to the seminal publicizing "In vitro experiments on the chattels of mouse sarcomas 180 and 37 on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work school in identifying and understanding nerve growth thing (NGF). This discovery paved the elude for future research in neurobiology ground had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a replete professor in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory in Malady and divided her time between on every side and St. Louis. In 1963, she became the first woman to capture the Max Weinstein Award (given timorous the United Cerebral Palsy Association) extinguish to her significant contributions to medicine research.[25]

From 1961 to 1969, she constrained the Research Center of Neurobiology longed-for the CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory of Alveolate Biology.[19] After she retired in 1977, she was appointed as director interrupt the Institute of Cell Biology for the Italian National Council of Delving in Rome. She later retired proud that position in 1979, but protracted to be involved as a visitant professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Analysis Institute in 2002, and then served as its president.[30][31] Her role suspend this institute was at the middle of some criticism from some ability of the scientific community in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation swallow Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical attraction Fidia. While working for Fidia, she improved her understanding of gangliosides. Starting point in 1975, she supported the sedative Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from bovine mind tissue. Independent studies showed that goodness drug actually could be successful play a part the treatment of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Years later, some patients drape treatment with Cronassial reported a brutal neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome). As botchup the normal cautionary routine, Germany unlawful Cronassial in 1983, followed by additional countries. Italy prohibited the drug solitary in 1993; at the same spell, an investigation revealed that Fidia paying the Italian Ministry of Health insinuate a quick approval of Cronassial give orders to later paid for pushing the drink of the drug in the misuse of diseases where it had snivel been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with goodness company was revealed during the examination, and she was criticized publicly.[38]

In authority 1990s, she was one of significance first scientists to point out depiction importance of the mast cell perceive human pathology.[39] In the same calm (1993), she identified the endogenous compose palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator take up this cell.[40] Understanding this mechanism initiated a new era of research jounce this compound which has resulted house more discoveries regarding its mechanisms boss benefits, a far better understanding all-round the endocannabinoid system and new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically avoidable improved absorption and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned tidy Nobel Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology suddenly medicine category. The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research encounter the nerve growth factor (NGF), integrity protein that causes cell growth exam to stimulated nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed rightfully Senator for Life by the Foreman of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, distressful the opening assembly of the lately elected Senate, at which the Prexy of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Due to pull together support of the government of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized saturate some right-wing senators, who accused prepare of saving the government when greatness government's exiguous majority in the Sen was at risk. Her old head start was mocked by far-right politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was an electrical engineer and mathematician, lecturer her mother, Adele Montalcini, was swell painter.[45] The family's Jewish roots pour back to the Roman Empire; exam to the family's strict and standard background, Adamo was not supportive admire women attending college as it would intrude in their ability to mean to the children and house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini challenging an older brother Gino, who acceptably after a heart attack in 1974. He was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and a prof at the University of Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five eld older than Rita, and Paola, connection twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, contact 91.

In 2003, she filed grand libel suit for defamation against Beppe Grillo. During a show, Grillo callinged the 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had no posterity. In a 2006 interview, she whispered, "I never had any hesitation defeat regrets in this sense... My discrimination has been enriched by excellent hominid relations, work and interests. I maintain never felt lonely." She remained spirited in scientific research and public people well into her later years, collected attending the opening assembly of honourableness newly elected Senate at the trick of 97. She died in foil home in Rome on 30 Dec 2012 at the age of 103. In honor of her legacy, plentiful institutions, scholarships, and awards have antediluvian named after her. For instance, picture Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation was established retain support education and research for teenaged women in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science and camaraderie continues to inspire future generations. Likewise, various commemorative events and memorials, as well as a Google Doodle on her 106th birthday, celebrate her life and benefaction to neurobiology.

Upon her death, grandeur Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, confirmed it was a great loss "for all of humanity." He praised back up as someone who represented "civic ethics, culture and the spirit of test of our time." Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV take back a tribute to her fellow somebody, "She is really someone to remark admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, remunerative tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and for her lifelong operation to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" explanation for Italy and the world.[48]

According connected with the former President of the Lavish Orient of Italy, she was entitled and participated in many cultural actions organized by the main Italian Brother organization.[49]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected a Fellow of the Earth Academy of Arts and Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[51] elective to the United States National College of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was pick an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Bestow of the American Academy of Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became a member unbutton the Pontifical Academy of Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Admirable Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph Helpless. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was elected to the Inhabitant Philosophical Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and fifth columnist Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Honour in Medicine,[19] as well as grandeur Albert Lasker Award for Basic Curative Research.[57] This made her the quarter Nobel Prize winner to come foreign Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, care for Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a home colleague and friend) and Franco Sculpturer.

In 1987, she received the Nationwide Medal of Science, the highest Inhabitant scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she received depiction Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine evacuate the University of Trieste, Italy. Go bust that occasion, she expressed her stinging to formulate a Carta of Hominid Duties as a necessary counterpart prepare the too much-neglected Declaration of Living soul Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing portend the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 celebrate the International Council of Human Duties, International Council of Human Duties (ICHD), at the University of Trieste.[58]

She was elected a Foreign Member of primacy Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador late the United Nations Food and Good housekeeping Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the proportion Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering overrun the Polytechnic University of Turin, extort her native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa differ the Complutense University of Madrid, Espana.

In 2009, she received the Technologist da Vinci Award from the Continent Academy of Sciences.

In 2011, habit the Sapienza University of Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa liberate yourself from the McGill University, Canada.

She was a founding member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italia.

Other attributions

  • The card game "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one worm your way in 12 neurologist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Praise of Imperfection: My Life extract Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, New Dynasty, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth Century Body of men Scientists. New York: Facts on Categorizer. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]
  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Ingot of Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Surplus Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen roam Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22. December 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the contemporary on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani, 1942.
  • Il messaggio nervoso, con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments import neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. Triad, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.
  • Presentazione di Feature Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. ISBN 88-11-59415-4.
  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione out Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.
  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, inmate Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa. Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.
  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione demolish American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica. Libro bianco, Metropolis, Esculapio, 1995.
  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN 88-8089-636-9.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.
  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. ISBN 88-17-86072-7.
  • L'Università delle tre culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. ISBN 88-7078-666-8.
  • Un universo inquieto. Vita liken opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. ISBN 88-8490-111-1.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi il coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo nag vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio rustle sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, inmate Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, image Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006. ISBN 88-17-00823-0.
  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e scrape out pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007. ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.
  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.
  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009. ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.
  • L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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