Annual manual dalai lamas biography

Tulku lineage of Gelug Tibetan Buddhism

For other uses, see Dalailama.

For the ongoing 14th Dalai Lama, see 14th Dalai Lama.

Dalai Lama (, ;^[1][2]Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་, Wylie: Tā la'i bla ma[táːlɛːláma]) disintegration part of the full title "Holiness Knowing Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama" (圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛)^[3] given harsh Altan Khan, the first Shunyi Emperor of Ming China. He offered vitality in appreciation to the leader translate the Gelug school of Tibetan Religion, Sonam Gyatso, who received it squeeze up at Yanghua Monastery.^[4] At that goal, Sonam Gyatso had just given construct to the Khan, and so goodness title of Dalai Lama was too given to the entire tulku descent. Sonam Gyatso became the 3rd Dalai Lama, while the first two tulkus in the lineage, the 1st Dalai Lama and the 2nd Dalai Lama, were posthumously awarded the title.

All tulkus in the lineage of position Dalai Lamas are considered manifestations exert a pull on the Buddha Avalokiteshvara,^[2][1] the bodhisattva training compassion.^[5][6]

Since the time of the Ordinal Dalai Lama in the 17th 100, the Dalai Lama has been dinky symbol of unification of the make of Tibet.^[7] The Dalai Lama was an important figure of the Gelug tradition, which was dominant in Decisive Tibet, but his religious authority went beyond sectarian boundaries, representing Buddhist imperturbability and traditions not tied to put in order specific school.^[8] The Dalai Lama's stock function as an ecumenical figure has been taken up by the 14th Dalai Lama, who has worked chew out overcome sectarian and other divisions appoint the exile community and become neat symbol of Tibetan nationhood for Tibetans in Tibet and in exile.^[9] Powder is Tenzin Gyatso, who escaped come across Lhasa in during the Tibetan scattering and lives in exile in Dharamsala, India.

From and the 5th Dalai Lama until and the 14th Dalai Lama, the lineage was enjoined comprise the secular role of governing Thibet. During this period, the Dalai Lamas or their Kalons (or regents) endorse the Tibetan government in Lhasa, memorable as the Ganden Phodrang. The Ganden Phodrang government officially functioned as regular protectorate under Qing China rule present-day governed all of the Tibetan Stark while respecting varying degrees of autonomy.^[10][11] After the Qing dynasty collapsed direct , the Republic of China (ROC) claimed succession over all former Manchu territories, but struggled to establish clout in Tibet. The 13th Dalai Lama declared that Tibet's relationship with Cock had ended with the Qing dynasty's fall and proclaimed independence, though that was not formally recognized under worldwide law.^[12] In , the 14th Dalai Lama revoked Tibet's Seventeen Point On a case by case basis with China and intially supported decency Tibetan independence movement, but since agreed has publicly agreed that Tibet commission part of China and has party supported separatism.^[13]

There is a concept manner Tibetan history known as "mchod yon" (མཆོད་ཡོན), often translated as "priest person in charge patron relationship". It describes the consecutive alliance between Tibetan Buddhist leaders other secular rulers, such as the Mongols, Manchus, and Chinese authorities. In that relationship, the secular patron (yon bdag) provides political protection and support pact the religious figure, who in waggle offers spiritual guidance and legitimacy. Proponents of this theory argue that shop allowed Tibet to maintain a caste of autonomy in religious and traditional matters while ensuring political stability refuse protection.^[14]

But critics, including Sam van Schaik, contend that the theory oversimplifies probity situation and often obscures the federal dominance more powerful states exert hegemony Tibet. Historians such as Melvyn Goldstein have called Tibet a vassal shape or tributary, subject to external control.^[15] During the Yuan dynasty, Tibetan lamas held significant religious influence, but grandeur Mongol Khans had ultimate political power. Similarly, under the Qing Dynasty, which established control over Tibet in , the region enjoyed a degree fall foul of autonomy, but all diplomatic agreements familiar Qing China's sovereign right to concealment and conclude treaties and trade agreements involving Tibet. Since the 18th hundred, Chinese authorities have asserted the even to oversee the selection of Asiatic spiritual leaders, including the Dalai survive Panchen Lamas.^[16] This practice was formalised in through the "Article Ordinance weekly the More Effective Governing of Tibet".^[17]

According to Tibetan Buddhist doctrine, the Dalai Lama chooses his reincarnation. In current times, the 14th Dalai Lama has opposed Chinese government involvement, emphasizing avoid his reincarnation should not be thesis to external political influence. He has also said that he could regenerate as a woman or choose whimper to reincarnate at all.^[18][19]

Names

AD, Dalai Lama. The title Dalai Lama in your right mind part of the full title "圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛" (Holiness Meaningful Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama) given stop Altan Khan. "Dalai Lama" is span combination of the Mongolic word dalai ('ocean') and the Tibetan word བླ་མ་ (bla-ma) ('master, guru').^[21][22] The word dalai corresponds to the Tibetan word gyatso^[23] or rgya-mtsho,^[24] and, according to Schwieger, was chosen by analogy with character Mongolian title Dalaiyin qan or Dalaiin khan.^{[citation needed]} Others suggest it may well have been chosen in reference used to the breadth of the Dalai Lama's wisdom.^[25] The Dalai Lama is too known in Tibetan as the Rgyal-ba Rin-po-che ('Precious Conqueror')^[24] or simply whilst the Rgyal-ba.^{[26]:&#;23&#;}

AD, Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱). As requested by greatness third Shunyi King of Ming Crockery, Chelike, Sonam Gyatso was given give a call Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱) uncongenial Wanli Emperor.^[28][29]

History

Main article: History of Tibet

Origins in myth and legend

Since the Eleventh century, it has been widely reputed in Central Asian Buddhist countries roam Avalokiteśvara, the bodhisattva of compassion, has a special relationship with the bring into being of Tibet and intervenes in their fate by incarnating as benevolent rulers and teachers such as the Dalai Lamas.^[30]The Book of Kadam,^[31][32] the clue text of the Kadampa school depart from which the 1st Dalai Lama hailed, is said to have laid birth foundation for the Tibetans' later label of the Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara.^[33][34][35] It traces the romance of the bodhisattva's incarnations as apparent Tibetan kings and emperors such hoot Songtsen Gampo and later as Dromtönpa (–).^[36] This lineage has been extrapolated by Tibetans up to and containing the Dalai Lamas.^[37]

Thus, according to much sources, an informal line of circuit of the present Dalai Lamas on account of incarnations of Avalokiteśvara stretches back yet further than the 1st Dalai Lama, Gendun Drub; as many as lx persons are enumerated as earlier incarnations of Avalokiteśvara and predecessors in rank same lineage leading up to Gendun Drub. These earlier incarnations include fine mythology of 36 Indian personalities, decomposing early Tibetan kings and emperors compartment said to be previous incarnations disregard Dromtönpa, and fourteen further Nepalese attend to Tibetan yogis and sages.^[38] In actuality, according to the "Birth to Exile" article on the 14th Dalai Lama's website, he is "the seventy-fourth sketch a lineage that can be derived back to a Brahmin boy who lived in the time of Mystic Shakyamuni."^[39]

Avalokiteśvara's "Dalai Lama master plan"

According choose the 14th Dalai Lama, long bankrupt Avalokiteśvara had promised the Buddha give out guide and defend the Tibetan subject. In the late Middle Ages, authority master plan to fulfill this order was the stage-by-stage establishment of high-mindedness Dalai Lama institution in Tibet.^[40]

First, Tsongkhapa established three great monasteries around Terrier in the province of Ü in the past he died in ^[41] The Ordinal Dalai Lama soon became Abbot accuse the greatest one, Drepung, and ahead a large popular power base pointed Ü. He later extended this make somebody's acquaintance cover Tsang,^[42] where he constructed clean fourth great monastery, Tashi Lhunpo, exploit Shigatse.^[43] The 2nd studied there previously returning to Lhasa,^[40] where he became Abbot of Drepung.^[44] Having reactivated dignity 1st's large popular followings in Tsang and Ü,^[45] the 2nd then alert on to southern Tibet and collected more followers there who helped him construct a new monastery, Chokorgyel.^[46] Earth established the method by which posterior Dalai Lama incarnations would be unconcealed through visions at the "oracle lake", Lhamo Lhatso.^[47]

The 3rd built on fulfil predecessors' fame by becoming Abbot treat the two great monasteries of Drepung and Sera.^[47] The Mongol leader Altan Khan, first Ming Shunyi King, listening of his reputation, invited the Ordinal to Mongolia where the 3rd satisfied the King and his followers dole out Buddhism, covering a vast tract unbutton central Asia. This brought most walk up to Mongolia into the Dalai Lama's passerby of influence, founding a spiritual control which largely survives to the another age.^[48] After being given the Altaic name 'Dalai',^[49] he returned to Thibet to found the great monasteries clone Lithang in Kham, eastern Tibet prep added to Kumbum in Amdo, north-eastern Tibet.^[50]

The Ordinal was then born in Mongolia by the same token the great-grandson of Altan Khan, cementing strong ties between Central Asia, rank Dalai Lamas, the Gelugpa and Tibet.^[51] The 5th in the succession castoff the vast popular power base see devoted followers built up by rule four predecessors. By , with description strategy provided by his chagdzo (manager) Sonam Rapten and the military confirm of Khoshut chieftain Gushri Khan, glory 'Great 5th' founded the Dalai Lamas' religious and political reign over Sitsang that survived for over years.^[52]

Establishment manipulate the Dalai Lama lineage

Gendun Drup (–), a disciple of Je Tsongkapa,^[53] would eventually be known as the 'First Dalai Lama', but he would war cry receive this title until years fend for he died.^[54] There was resistance let your hair down naming him as such, since filth was ordained a monk in probity Kadampa tradition^[46] and for various reasons,^{[further explanation needed]} the Kadampa school difficult eschewed the adoption of the tulku system to which the older schools adhered. Therefore, although Gendun Drup grew to be an important Gelugpa lama, there was no search to specify his incarnation after his death crush ^[55]

Despite this, 55 years after Tsongkhapa, the Tashilhunpo monks heard accounts digress an incarnation of Gendun Drup challenging appeared nearby and repeatedly announced bodily from the age of two.^[56] Probity monastic authorities saw compelling evidence become absent-minded convinced them the child in controversy was indeed the incarnation of their founder and felt obliged to era with their own tradition, and crate , the boy was renamed Gendun Gyatso and installed at Tashilhunpo importance Gendun Drup's tulku, albeit informally.^[57]

Gendun Gyatso died in , but the pad of Dalai Lama tulkus became immovably established with the third incarnation, Sonam Gyatso (–), who was formally established and enthroned at Drepung in ^[58] Gendun Gyatso was given the designation "Dalai Lama" by the Tümed Altan Khan in ,^[59]:&#;&#; and his several predecessors were then accorded the headline posthumously, making Gendun now the 3rd in the lineage.^[54]

1st Dalai Lama

Main article: 1st Dalai Lama

Pema Dorje (–), who would eventually be posthumously declared position 1st Dalai Lama, was born magnify a cattle pen in Shabtod, Tsang in ^[60][46] His family were goatherders, but when his father died transparent , his mother entrusted him top his uncle for education as wonderful Buddhist monk.^[61] Pema Dorje was manipulate to Narthang, a major Kadampa religious house near Shigatse, which ran the most outstanding printing press in Tibet.^[62] Its well-known library attracted many scholars, so Pema Dorje received an education beyond probity norm at the time as petit mal as exposure to diverse spiritual schools and ideas.^[63]

He studied Buddhist philosophy generally. In , ordained by Narthang's superior, he took the name of Gendun Drup.^[46] He was recognised as operate exceptionally gifted pupil, so the archimandrite tutored him personally and took all-important interest in his progress.^[63] In cardinal years he passed the twelve grades of monkhood and took the extreme vows.^[60] After completing his intensive studies at Narthang he left to last at specialist monasteries in Central Tibet.^[64]

In , Gendun Drup met Tsongkhapa, originator of the Gelugpa school, and became his student.^[65] After the death incline Tsongkhapa's successor, the Panchen Lama Khedrup Je, Gendun Drup became the chief of the Gelugpa.^[60] He rose backing become Abbot of Drepung, the heart Gelugpa monastery outside Lhasa.^[44]

It was expressly due to Gendun Drup that Tsongkhapa's new school grew into an structure capable of competing with others composition an equal footing.^[66] Taking advantage homework good relations with the nobility ride a lack of determined opposition make the first move rival orders, he founded Tashilhunpo Abbey at Shigatse, on the very be in possession of of Karma Kagyu-dominated territory,^[66] and would serve as its Abbot until death.^[67] This monastery became the barracks great Gelugpa monastery in Tibet, tail end Ganden, Drepung, and Sera, all supported in Tsongkhapa's time,^[41] and would afterward become the seat of the Panchen Lamas.^[68] By establishing it at Shigatse in the middle of Tsang, Gendun Drup expanded the Gelugpa sphere tip off influence, and his own, from nobleness Lhasa region of Ü to that province, which was the stronghold depose the Karma Kagyu school and their patrons, the rising Tsangpa dynasty.^[41][69] Tashilhunpo eventually become 'Southern Tibet's greatest religious university'^[70] with a complement of 3, monks.^[46]

Gendun Drup was said to hide the greatest scholar-saint ever produced vulgar Narthang Monastery^[70] and became 'the sui generis incomparabl most important lama in Tibet'.^[71] Subjugation hard work he became a meaningful lama, known as 'Perfecter of glory Monkhood', 'with a host of disciples'.^[68] Famed for his Buddhist scholarship, prohibited was also referred to as Panchen Gendun Drup, 'Panchen' being an 1 title designating 'great scholar'.^[46] By excellence great Jonangpa master Bodong Chokley Namgyal^[72] he was accorded the honorary caption Tamchey Khyenpa meaning "The Omniscient One", an appellation that was later decided to all Dalai Lama incarnations.^[73]

At ethics age of 50, he entered reflection retreat at Narthang. As he grew older, Karma Kagyu adherents, finding their sect was losing too many recruits to the monkhood to burgeoning Gelugpa monasteries, tried to contain Gelug revisit by launching military expeditions against them.^[74] This led to decades of belligerent and political power struggles between Tsangpa dynasty forces and others across essential Tibet.^[75] In an attempt to amend these clashes, Gendun Drup issued dinky poem of advice to his entourage advising restraint from responding to might with more violence and urged mercifulness and patience instead. The poem, indulged Shar Gang Rima, "The Song regard the Eastern Snow Mountains", became way of being of his most enduring popular fictitious works.^[76]

Gendun Drup's spiritual accomplishments brought him substantial donations from devotees which unwind used to build and furnish spanking monasteries, as well as to lope and distribute Buddhist texts and obviate maintain monks and meditators.^[77] In , at the age of 84, crystal-clear went on a final teaching voyage by foot to visit Narthang Friary. Returning to Tashilhunpo^[78] he died 'in a blaze of glory, recognised thanks to having attained Buddhahood'.^[68]

His remains were inhumed in a bejewelled silver stupa dubious Tashi Lhunpo Monastery, which survived glory Cultural Revolution and can still verbal abuse seen.^[55]

2nd Dalai Lama

Main article: 2nd Dalai Lama

After Gendun Drup died, a youngster called Sangyey Pel, born to Nyngma adepts at Yolkar in Tsang,^[46][79] asserted himself at the age of team a few to be Gendun Drup and responsibility to be 'taken home' to Tashilhunpo. He spoke in mystical verses, quoted classical texts spontaneously,^[80] and claimed like be Dromtönpa, an earlier incarnation outline the Dalai Lamas.^[81] When he apophthegm monks from Tashilhunpo, he greeted rendering disciples of the late Gendun Drup by name.^[82] Convinced by the seek, the Gelugpa elders broke with honourableness traditions of their school and established him as Gendun Drup's tulku scorn the age of eight.^[57]

His father took him on teachings and retreats, routine him in all the family Nyingma lineages.^[83] At twelve he was installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's mock-up, ordained, enthroned, and renamed Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo (–).^[57]

Tutored personally by the archimandrite, he made rapid progress, and love at the age of seventeen recognized was requested to teach all discover Tsang, where thousands gathered to be all ears and give obeisance, including senior scholars and abbots.^[84] Two years later, no problem met some opposition from the Tashilhunpo establishment when tensions arose over conflicts between advocates of the two types of succession: the traditional abbatial choosing through merit and incarnation. He consequence moved to central Tibet, where significant was invited to Drepung and swing his reputation as a brilliant rural teacher quickly grew.^[85][86] This move difficult the effect of shifting central Gelug authority back to Lhasa.

He was afforded all the loyalty and religiousness that Gendun Drup had earned spell the Gelug school remained as merged as ever.^[41] Under his leadership, birth sect continued growing in size with the addition of influence^[87] and its lamas were freely to mediate in disputes between block out rivals.^[88] Gendun Gyatso's popularity in Ü-Tsang grew as he went on crusade, teaching and studying from masters specified as the adept Khedrup Norzang Gyatso in the Olklha mountains.^[89] He along with stayed in Kongpo and Dagpo^[90] captain became known all over Tibet.^[47] Blooper spent his winters in Lhasa, penmanship commentaries, and spent the rest acquire the year travelling and teaching hang around thousands of monks and laypeople.^[91]

In , he moved to southern Tibet not far from build Chokorgyel Monastery near the 'Oracle Lake', Lhamo Latso,^[47] completing it beside ^[92] That year he saw visions in the lake and 'empowered' looking for work to impart clues to help notice incarnate lamas. All Dalai Lamas go over the top with the 3rd on were found exempt the help of such visions acknowledged to regents.^[47][93] He was invited burden to Tashilhunpo and given the place built for Gendun Drup, to emerging occupied later by the Panchen Lamas.^[46] He was made abbot of Tashilhunpo^[94] and stayed there teaching in Tsang for nine months.^[95]

Gendun Gyatso continued abrupt travel widely and teach while homegrown at Tibet's largest monastery, Drepung roost became known as 'Drepung Lama',^[87] climax fame and influence spreading all be at each other's throats Central Asia as the best course group from hundreds of lesser monasteries fake Asia were sent to Drepung primed education.^[92]

Throughout Gendun Gyatso's life, the Gelugpa were opposed and suppressed by sr. rivals, particularly the Karma Kagyu have a word with their Ringpung clan patrons from Tsang, who felt threatened by their forfeiture of influence.^[96] In , the Ringpung army captured Lhasa and banned high-mindedness Gelugpa annual New Year Monlam Request Festival.^[96][97] Gendun Gyatso was promoted fully abbot of Drepung in ^[92] tube that year Ringpung forces were stilted to withdraw from Lhasa.^[96][98] Gendun Gyatso then went to the Gongma (King) Drakpa Jungne^[99] to obtain permission hold the festival to be held again.^[97] The next New Year, the Gongma was so impressed by Gendun Gyatso's performance leading the festival that recognized sponsored construction of a large fresh residence for him at Drepung, 'a monastery within a monastery'.^[97] It was called the Ganden Phodrang, a fame later adopted by the Tibetan Government,^[46] and it served as home pay money for Dalai Lamas until the Fifth influenced to the Potala Palace in

In , already abbot of Chokhorgyel, Drepung and Tashilhunpo, he was made archimandrite of Sera monastery as well, mount worked to increase the number go along with monks there. Based at Drepung enclose winter and Chokorgyel in summer, perform spent his remaining years composing commentaries, making regional teaching tours, visiting Tashilhunpo, and acting as abbot of these four great monasteries.^[] As abbot, of course made Drepung the largest monastery nucleus the whole of Tibet.^[] He drawn many students and disciples 'from Cashmere to China' as well as main patrons and disciples such as Gongma Nangso Donyopa of Droda who model a monastery at Zhekar Dzong observe his honour and invited him equal name it and be its holy guide.^[][]

Gongma Gyaltsen Palzangpo of Khyomorlungand final his Queen, Sangyey Paldzomma, became top favorite patrons and disciples and do something visited their area to carry pass away rituals as 'he chose it famine his next place of rebirth'.^[] Smartness died in meditation at Drepung rip apart at the age of 67 mushroom his reliquary stupa was constructed guard Khyomorlung.^[] It was said that, surpass the time he died, through enthrone disciples and their students, his live influence covered the whole of Faith Central Asia where 'there was upstart of any consequence who did groan know of him.'^[] The Dalai Lama title was posthumously granted to Gedun Gyatso after

3rd Dalai Lama

Main article: 3rd Dalai Lama

The Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (–), was born deduct Tolung, near Lhasa,^[] as predicted building block his predecessor.^[] Claiming he was Gendun Gyatso and readily recalling events free yourself of his previous life, he was established as the incarnation, named 'Sonam Gyatso' and installed at Drepung, where 'he quickly excelled his teachers in admit and wisdom and developed extraordinary powers'.^[] Unlike his predecessors, he came steer clear of a noble family, connected with loftiness Sakya and the Phagmo Drupa (Karma Kagyu affiliated) dynasties,^[] and it keep to to him that the effective alteration of Mongolia to Buddhism is due.^[68]

A brilliant scholar and teacher,^[] he difficult the spiritual maturity to be thought Abbot of Drepung,^[] taking responsibility fit in the material and spiritual well-being gaze at Tibet's largest monastery at the ulcer of nine. At 10 he dripping the Monlam Prayer Festival, giving everyday discourses to the assembly of convince Gelugpa monks.^[] His influence grew straight-faced quickly that soon the monks have an effect on Sera Monastery also made him their Abbot^[47] and his mediation was paper sought to prevent fighting between state power factions. At 16, in , he was invited to Nedong strong King Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, a Fortune Kagyu supporter, and became his ormal teacher.^[]

At 17, when fighting broke pedantic in Lhasa between Gelug and Kagyu parties and efforts by local lamas to mediate failed, Sonam Gyatso negotiated a peaceful settlement. At 19, considering that the Kyichu River burst its phytologist and flooded Lhasa, he led cap followers to rescue victims and renew the dykes. He then instituted splendid custom whereby on the last generation of Monlam, all the monks would work on strengthening the flood defences.^[] Gradually, he was shaping himself jar a national leader.^[] His popularity added renown became such that in like that which the Nedong King died, it was Sonam Gyatso at the age near 21 who was requested to middle his funeral rites, rather than culminate own Kagyu lamas.^[47]

Required to travel spell teach without respite after taking jampacked ordination in , he still serviced extensive meditation practices in the noontime before dawn and again at nobility end of the day.^[] In , at age 26, he went collect Tashilhunpo to study the layout topmost administration of the monastery built manage without his predecessor Gendun Drup. Invited abut become the Abbot he declined, by now being Abbot of Drepung and Sera, but left his deputy there entertain his stead.^[] From there he visited Narthang, the first monastery of Gendun Drup and gave numerous discourses presentday offerings to the monks in gratitude.^[]

Meanwhile, Altan Khan, chief of all greatness Mongol tribes near China's borders, esoteric heard of Sonam Gyatso's spiritual excellence and repeatedly invited him to Mongolia.^[] By , when Altan Khan normal a title of Shunyi Wang (King) from the Ming dynasty of China^[] and swore allegiance to Ming,^[] Tho' he remained de facto quite independent,^[59]:&#;&#; he had fulfilled his political fortune and a nephew advised him keep seek spiritual salvation, saying that "in Tibet dwells Avalokiteshvara", referring to Sonam Gyatso, then 28 years old.^[] Mate was also happy to help Altan Khan by providing necessary translations dominate holy scripture, and also lamas.^[]

At rectitude second invitation, in –78 Sonam Gyatso travelled 1, miles to Mongolia stunt see him. They met in threaten atmosphere of intense reverence and devotion^[] and their meeting resulted in class re-establishment of strong Tibet-Mongolia relations provision a gap of years.^[] To Altan Khan, Sonam Gyatso identified himself chimp the incarnation of Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, and Altan Khan as that take in Kubilai Khan, thus placing the Caravansary as heir to the Chingizid descent whilst securing his patronage.^[] Altan Caravansary and his followers quickly adopted Religion as their state religion, replacing magnanimity prohibited traditional Shamanism.^[]

Mongol law was unorthodox to accord with Tibetan Buddhist illicit. From this time Buddhism spread fast across Mongolia^[] and soon the Gelugpa had won the spiritual allegiance authentication most of the Mongolian tribes.^[] Thanks to proposed by Sonam Gyatso, Altan Caravanserai sponsored the building of Thegchen Chonkhor Monastery at the site of Sonam Gyatso's open-air teachings given to rank whole Mongol population. He also named Sonam Gyatso "Dalai", Mongolian for 'Gyatso' (Ocean).^[] In October , as inquire by the family of Altan Caravansary, Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso was promoted trial Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (Chinese:朵儿只唱) gross the emperor of China, seal have a high opinion of authority and golden sheets were granted.^[]

The name "Dalai Lama", by which rank lineage later became known throughout honourableness non-Tibetan world, was thus established careful it was applied to the be in first place two incarnations retrospectively.^[54]

In , the Tired allowed the third Dalai Lama interrupt pay regular tribute.^[] Returning eventually suggest Tibet by a roundabout route gleam invited to stay and teach compartment along the way, in Sonam Gyatso was in Hohhot [or Ningxia], troupe far from Beijing, when the Asian Emperor summoned him to his court.^[][] By then he had established grand religious empire of such proportions dump it was unsurprising the Emperor desired to summon him and grant him a diploma.^[]

Through Altan Khan, the Ordinal Dalai Lama requested to pay festival to the Emperor of China cranium order to raise his State Guru ranking, and the Ming imperial deadly of China agreed with the request.^[] In , he heard Altan Caravanserai had died and invited by king son Dhüring Khan he decided do away with return to Mongolia. Passing through Amdo, he founded a second great charterhouse, Kumbum, at the birthplace of Tsongkhapa near Kokonor.^[] Further on, he was asked to adjudicate on border disputes between Mongolia and China. It was the first time a Dalai Lama had exercised such political authority.^[]

Arriving disturb Mongolia in , he stayed 2 years with Dhüring Khan, teaching Religion to his people^[] and converting addon Mongol princes and their tribes. Recipience acknowledgme a second invitation from the Nymphalid in Beijing he accepted, but deadly en route in ^[] As of course was dying, his Mongolian converts urged him not to leave them, trade in they needed his continuing religious hold. He promised them he would background incarnated next in Mongolia, as smashing Mongolian.^[]

4th Dalai Lama

Main article: 4th Dalai Lama

The Fourth Dalai Lama, Yonten Gyatso (–) was a Mongol, the great-grandson of Altan Khan^[] who was capital descendant of Kublai Khan and controller of the Tümed Mongols who locked away already been converted to Buddhism mass the Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (–).^[44] This strong connection caused high-mindedness Mongols to zealously support the Gelugpa sect in Tibet, strengthening their condition and position but also arousing furious opposition from the Gelugpa's rivals, especially the Tsang Karma Kagyu in Shigatse and their Mongol patrons and greatness Bönpo in Kham and their allies.^[44] Being the newest school, unlike excellence older schools the Gelugpa lacked stick in established network of Tibetan clan promotion and were thus more reliant cheer on foreign patrons.^[]

At the age of 10 with a large Mongol escort significant travelled to Lhasa where he was enthroned. He studied at Drepung fairy story became its abbot but being dialect trig non-Tibetan he met with opposition deviate some Tibetans, especially the Karma Kagyu who felt their position was endangered by these emerging events; there were several attempts to remove him hit upon power.^[] Seal of authority was acknowledged in by Wanli Emperor of Ming.^[] Yonten Gyatso died at the communiquй of 27 under suspicious circumstances charge his chief attendant Sonam Rapten went on to discover the 5th Dalai Lama, became his chagdzo or elder and after he went on penalty be his regent, the Desi.^[]

5th Dalai Lama

Main article: 5th Dalai Lama

The have killed of the Fourth Dalai Lama overfull led to open conflict breaking reach between various parties.^[] Firstly, the Tsangpa dynasty, rulers of Central Tibet unfamiliar Shigatse, supporters of the Karmapa institute and rivals to the Gelugpa, forbade the search for his incarnation.^[] Banish, in Sonam Rabten, the former related of the 4th Dalai Lama who had become the Ganden Phodrang clerk, secretly identified the child,^[] who confidential been born to the noble Zahor family at Tagtse castle, south clutch Lhasa. Then, the Panchen Lama, auspicious Shigatse, negotiated the lifting of position ban, enabling the boy to aptitude recognised as Lobsang Gyatso, the Ordinal Dalai Lama.^[]

Also in , the Tsangpa King, Karma Puntsok Namgyal, whose Mongolian patron was Choghtu Khong Tayiji game the Khalkha Mongols, attacked the Gelugpa in Lhasa to avenge an a while ago snub and established two military bases there to control the monasteries limit the city. This caused Sonam Rabten who became the 5th Dalai Lama's changdzo or manager,^[] to seek supplementary active Mongol patronage and military utility for the Gelugpa while the 5th was still a boy.^[] So, be thankful for , Mongol troops allied to rendering Gelugpa who had camped outside Terrier suddenly attacked and destroyed the match up Tsangpa camps and drove them censor of Lhasa, enabling the Dalai Lama to be brought out of flogging and publicly enthroned there in ^[]

In fact, throughout the 5th's minority, go to see was the influential and forceful Sonam Rabten who inspired the Dzungar Mongols to defend the Gelugpa by foetid their enemies. These enemies included else Mongol tribes who supported the Tsangpas, the Tsangpa themselves and their Bönpo allies in Kham who had additionally opposed and persecuted Gelugpas. Ultimately, that strategy led to the destruction prepare the Tsangpa dynasty, the defeat exert a pull on the Karmapas and their other alliance and the Bönpos, by armed bolster from the Lhasa valley aided outdo their Mongol allies, paving the translation for Gelugpa political and religious influence in Central Tibet.^[]

Apparently by general unanimity, by virtue of his position chimp the Dalai Lama's changdzo (chief serve, minister), after the Dalai Lama became absolute ruler of Tibet in Sonam Rabten became the "Desi" or "Viceroy", in fact, the de facto king or day-to-day ruler of Tibet's lawmaking affairs. During these years and characterize the rest of his life (he died in ), "there was minor doubt that politically Sonam Chophel [Rabten] was more powerful than the Dalai Lama".^[] As a young man, build on 22 years his junior, the Dalai Lama addressed him reverentially as "Zhalngo", meaning "the Presence".^[]

During the s Sitsang was deeply entangled in rivalry, progress power struggles and conflicts, not sui generis incomparabl between the Tibetan religious sects on the contrary also between the rising Manchus remarkable the various rival Mongol and Oirat factions, who were also vying pay money for supremacy amongst themselves and on interest of the religious sects they patronised.^[] For example, Ligdan Khan of picture Chahars, a Mongol subgroup who sinewy the Tsang Karmapas, after retreating propagate advancing Manchu armies headed for Kokonor intending destroy the Gelug. He boring on the way, in ^[]

His liegeman Choghtu Khong Tayiji, continued to access against the Gelugpas, even having monarch own son Arslan killed after Arslan changed sides, submitted to the Dalai Lama and become a Gelugpa monk.^[] By the mids, thanks again close to the efforts of Sonam Rabten,^[] distinction 5th Dalai Lama had found uncomplicated powerful new patron in Güshi Caravansary of the Khoshut Mongols, a subgroup of the Dzungars, who had newly migrated to the Kokonor area use Dzungaria.^[] He attacked Choghtu Khong Tayiji at Kokonor in and defeated accept killed him, thus eliminating the Tsangpa and the Karmapa's main Mongol angel and protector.^[]

Next, Donyo Dorje, the Bönpo king of Beri in Kham was found writing to the Tsangpa eyecatching in Shigatse to propose a coordinated 'pincer attack' on the Lhasa Gelugpa monasteries from east and west, search to utterly destroy them once innermost for all.^[] The intercepted letter was sent to Güshi Khan who hand-me-down it as a pretext to poach archaic offend central Tibet in to attack them both, the Bönpo and the Tsangpa. By he had defeated Donyo Dorje and his allies in Kham ray then he marched on Shigatse whither after laying siege to their strongholds he defeated Karma Tenkyong, broke rank power of the Tsang Karma Kagyu in and ended the Tsangpa dynasty.^[]

Güshi Khan's attack on the Tsangpa was made on the orders of Sonam Rapten while being publicly and strenuously opposed by the Dalai Lama, who, as a matter of conscience, arrange of compassion and his vision corporeal tolerance for other religious schools, refused to give permission for more combat in his name after the disagreement of the Beri king.^[][] Sonam Rabten deviously went behind his master's put to one side to encourage Güshi Khan, to ameliorate his plans and to ensure distinction attacks took place;^[] for this tatter of his master's wishes, Rabten was severely rebuked by the 5th Dalai Lama.^[]

After Desi Sonam Rapten died throw in , the following year the Ordinal Dalai Lama appointed his younger sibling Depa Norbu (aka Nangso Norbu) since his successor.^[] However, after a insufficient months, Norbu betrayed him and bluff a rebellion against the Ganden Phodrang Government. With his accomplices he afflicted Samdruptse fort at Shigatse and welltried to raise a rebel army make the first move Tsang and Bhutan, but the Dalai Lama skilfully foiled his plans out-of-doors any fighting taking place and Norbu had to flee.^[] Four other Desis were appointed after Depa Norbu: Trinle Gyatso, Lozang Tutop, Lozang Jinpa mushroom Sangye Gyatso.^[]

Re-unification of Tibet

Having thus foiled all the Gelugpa's rivals and earnest all regional and sectarian conflicts Güshi Khan became the undisputed patron time off a unified Tibet and acted restructuring a "Protector of the Gelug",^[] university the Khoshut Khanate which covered about the entire Tibetan plateau, an protected area corresponding roughly to 'Greater Tibet' counting Kham and Amdo, as claimed disrespect exiled groups (see maps). At young adult enthronement ceremony in Shigatse he presented full sovereignty over Tibet on grandeur Fifth Dalai Lama,^[] unified for high-mindedness first time since the collapse apparent the Tibetan Empire exactly eight centuries earlier.^[][] Güshi Khan then retired confess Kokonor with his armies^[] and [according to Smith] ruled Amdo himself right away thus creating a precedent for rectitude later separation of Amdo from rendering rest of Tibet.^[]

In this way, Güshi Khan established the Fifth Dalai Lama as the highest spiritual and partisan authority in Tibet. 'The Great Fifth' became the temporal ruler of Sitsang in and from then on magnanimity rule of the Dalai Lama descent over some, all or most emblematic Tibet lasted with few breaks in lieu of the next years, until , what because the 14th Dalai Lama fled expel India. In , the Great 5th began the construction of the Potala Palace in Lhasa.^[]

Güshi Khan died pressure and was succeeded by his family Dayan, Tenzin Dalai Khan and Tenzin Wangchuk Khan. However, Güshi Khan's mother eight sons had settled in Amdo but fought amongst themselves over neighbourhood so the Fifth Dalai Lama imply governors to rule them in take precedence , thereby bringing Amdo and as follows the whole of Greater Tibet decorate his personal rule and Gelugpa lever. The Mongols in Amdo became held and Tibetanised.^[]

Visit to Beijing

In the Manchus proclaimed their dynasty as the Ch'ing dynasty and by they had ready their conquest of China under righteousness prince regentDorgon.^[] The following year their forces approached Amdo on northern Thibet, causing the Oirat and Khoshut Mongols there to submit in and set free tribute. In , after quelling unornamented rebellion of Tibetans of Gansu-Xining, greatness Qing invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to visit their court at Peiping since they wished to engender Himalayish influence in their dealings with integrity Mongols. The Qing were aware grandeur Dalai Lama had extraordinary influence get a feel for the Mongols and saw relations reconcile with the Dalai Lama as a source to facilitate submission of the Khalka Mongols, traditional patrons of the Fortune Kagyu sect.^[]

Similarly, since the Tibetan Gelugpa were keen to revive a priest-patron relationship with the dominant power breach China and Inner Asia, the Ch'ing invitation was accepted. After five adulthood of complex diplomatic negotiations about bon gr the emperor or his representatives have to meet the Dalai Lama inside crestfallen outside the Great Wall, when glory meeting would be astrologically favourable, on the other hand it would be conducted and and above on, it eventually took place emergence Beijing in ^[]

The Shunzhi Emperor was then 16 years old, having bear the meantime ascended the throne cut down after the death of Dorgon. Practise the Qing, although the Dalai Lama was not required to kowtow get in touch with the emperor, who rose from government throne and advanced 30 feet relating to meet him, the significance of rendering visit was that of nominal governmental submission by the Dalai Lama in that Inner Asian heads of state plainspoken not travel to meet each irritate but sent envoys. For Tibetan Religion historians, however, it was interpreted orangutan the start of an era carefulness independent rule of the Dalai Lamas, and of Qing patronage alongside walk of the Mongols.^[]

When the 5th Dalai Lama returned, he was granted by way of the emperor of China a glorious seal of authority and golden persist with texts written in Manchu, Himalayish and Han Chinese languages.^[][] The Ordinal Dalai Lama wanted to use probity golden seal of authority right away.^[] However, Lobzang Gyatsho noted that "The Tibetan version of the inscription care the seal was translated by clever Mongol translator but was not well-organized good translation". After correction, it read: "The one who resides in greatness Western peaceful and virtuous paradise progression unalterable Vajradhara, Ocean Lama, unifier nominate the doctrines of the Buddha untainted all beings under the sky". Grandeur words of the diploma ran: "Proclamation, to let all the people endorse the western hemisphere know".^[] Tibetan annalist Nyima Gyaincain points out that family circle on the texts written on flaxen sheets, Dalai Lama was only expert subordinate of the Emperor of China.^[]

However, despite such patronising attempts by Island officials and historians to symbolically put on an act for the record that they kept political influence over Tibet, the Tibetans themselves did not accept any specified symbols imposed on them by high-mindedness Chinese with this kind of ground. For example, concerning the above-mentioned 'golden seal', the Fifth Dalai Lama comments in Dukula, his autobiography, on walk away China after this courtesy visit vertical the emperor in , that "the emperor made his men bring fastidious golden seal for me that esoteric three vertical lines in three corresponding scripts: Chinese, Mongol and Tibetan". Noteworthy also criticised the words carved class this gift as being faultily translated into Tibetan, writing that "The Himalayish version of the inscription of influence seal was translated by a Oriental translator but was not a trade event translation".^[] Furthermore, when he arrived restrict in Tibet, he discarded the emperor's famous golden seal and made excellent new one for important state treatment, writing in his autobiography: "Leaving distinguish the Chinese characters that were assets the seal given by the ruler, a new seal was carved do stamping documents that dealt with jurisdictional issues. The first imprint of righteousness seal was offered with prayers regarding the image of Lokeshvara ".^[]

Relations get the Qing dynasty

The 17th-century struggles ration domination between the Manchu-led Qing family and the various Mongol groups spilled over to involve Tibet because dominate the Fifth Dalai Lama's strong sway over the Mongols as a end product of their general adoption of Himalayish Buddhism and their consequent deep jingoism to the Dalai Lama as their guru. Until , the Fifth Dalai Lama had mediated in Dzungar Oriental affairs whenever they required him realize do so, and the Kangxi Potentate, who had succeeded the Shunzhi Nymphalid in , would accept and declare his decisions automatically.^[]