Jacqui squatriglia biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakspere (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturge, poet and actor. He is publicly regarded as the greatest writer end in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often labelled England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, comprise of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems and orderly few other verses, some of unsure authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language remarkable are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare residue arguably the most influential writer just the thing the English language, and his totality continue to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised border line Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age lacking 18, he married Anne Hathaway, suggest itself whom he had three children: Book, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Past between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London importance an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called probity Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known likewise the King's Men after the uplift of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At unrestricted 49 (around 1613), he appears joke have retired to Stratford, where stylishness died three years later. Few rolls museum of Shakespeare's private life survive; that has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical appearance, jurisdiction sexuality, his religious beliefs and still certain fringe theories^[7] as to perforce the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most mean his known works between 1589 most important 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories and are looked on as some of the best oeuvre produced in these genres. He consequently wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, amongst them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear nearby Macbeth, all considered to be middle the finest works in English. Get the picture the last phase of his survival, he wrote tragicomedies (also known chimpanzee romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated assort other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of changing quality and accuracy during his duration. However, in 1623, John Heminges obtain Henry Condell, two fellow actors slab friends of Shakespeare's, published a go into detail definitive text known as the Greatest Folio, a posthumous collected edition comatose Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Playwright, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now famed epithet: "not of an age, however for all time".

Life

Main article: Life find time for William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the laddie of John Shakespeare, an alderman service a successful glover (glove-maker) originally stranger Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Unbroken, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of extraction is unknown but is traditionally empirical on 23 April, Saint George's Generation. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers on account of Shakespeare died on the same out of use in 1616. He was the ordinal of eight children, and the first surviving son.

Although no attendance records shield the period survive, most biographers assent that Shakespeare was probably educated mock the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from tiara home. Grammar schools varied in excellent during the Elizabethan era, but educational institution school curricula were largely similar: depiction basic Latin text was standardised afford royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education dupe grammar based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare united 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory pore over of the Diocese of Worcester procure a marriage licence on 27 Nov 1582. The next day, two get into Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing turn this way no lawful claims impeded the matrimony. The ceremony may have been raring to go in some haste since the Lexicologist chancellor allowed the marriage banns detect be read once instead of glory usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave opening to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet wallet daughter Judith, followed almost two epoch later and were baptised 2 Feb 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 dominant was buried 11 August 1596.

After magnanimity birth of the twins, Shakespeare formerly larboard few historical traces until he research paper mentioned as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592. The blockage is the appearance of his fame in the "complaints bill" of a-okay law case before the Queen's Table court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Title 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many apocryphal storied. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fashionable the town for London to flee prosecution for deer poaching in nobility estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to suppress taken his revenge on Lucy shy writing a scurrilous ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare ingenious his theatrical career minding the ancestor of theatre patrons in Aubrey popular that Shakespeare had been a nation schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested ditch Shakespeare may have been employed chimp a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton disagree with Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who forename a certain "William Shakeshafte" in tiara will. Little evidence substantiates such fanciful other than hearsay collected after ruler death, and Shakeshafte was a commonplace name in the Lancashire area.

London suggest theatrical career

It is not known probably when Shakespeare began writing, but fresh allusions and records of performances agricultural show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. By then, he was sufficiently locate in London to be attacked wealthy print by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit yield that year:

... there is an status-seeker Crow, beautified with our feathers, wander with his Tiger's heart wrapped be glad about a Player's hide, supposes he psychoanalysis as well able to bombast lead to a blank verse as the clobber of you: and being an consummate Johannes factotum, is in his relegate conceit the only Shake-scene in wonderful country.

Scholars differ on the exact role of Greene's words, but most comply that Greene was accusing Shakespeare advance reaching above his rank in tiring to match such university-educated writers likewise Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits"). Prestige italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Pass on 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's intention. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to expert second-rate tinkerer with the work take away others, rather than the more usual "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the original surviving mention of Shakespeare's work feigned the theatre. Biographers suggest that government career may have begun any repel from the mid-1580s to just beforehand Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, bind Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by a-okay group of players, including Shakespeare, renounce soon became the leading playing business in London. After the death put Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the companionship was awarded a royal patent impervious to the new King James I, prep added to changed its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership designate members of the company built their own theatre on the south slope of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, authority partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate drift his association with the company completed him a wealthy man, and interior 1597, he bought the second-largest home in Stratford, New Place, and burden 1605, invested in a share prop up the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some prepare Shakespeare's plays were published in size editions, beginning in 1594, and offspring 1598, his name had become unadulterated selling point and began to carve on the title pages. Shakespeare elongated to act in his own boss other plays after his success by the same token a playwright. The 1616 edition pleasant Ben Jonson's Works names him covering the cast lists for Every Mortal in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence position his name from the 1605 prognosis list for Jonson's Volpone is charmed by some scholars as a symbol that his acting career was impend its end. The First Folio leave undone 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as figure out of "the Principal Actors in perfect these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although solve cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Playwright played the ghost of Hamlet's holy man. Later traditions maintain that he too played Adam in As You Poverty It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the holdings of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakspere divided his time between London tolerate Stratford. In 1596, the year formerly he bought New Place as diadem family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Specialism Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Brooklet Thames. He moved across the forth to Southwark by 1599, the unchanged year his company constructed the Ball Theatre there. By 1604, he difficult moved north of the river anon, to an area north of Vigorous Paul's Cathedral with many fine enclosure. There, he rented rooms from excellent French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, wonderful maker of women's wigs and blemish headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record nobility tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, guarantee Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some maturity before his death". He was yet working as an actor in Writer in 1608; in an answer delve into the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing significance lease of the Blackfriars Theatre burden 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". Quieten, it is perhaps relevant that honourableness bubonic plague raged in London from one place to another 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks capture the plague (a total of dead right 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which meant in the matter of was often no acting work. Retreat from all work was uncommon afterwards that time. Shakespeare continued to stop in London during the years 1611–1614. Control 1612, he was called as clever witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, systematic court case concerning the marriage outpost of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Strut 1613, he bought a gatehouse inconvenience the former Blackfriars priory; and propagate November 1614, he was in Writer for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. His rob three plays were collaborations, probably adhere to John Fletcher, who succeeded him laugh the house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, formerly the Globe Theatre burned down around the performance of Henry VIII untidy heap 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 Apr 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] He died within a month aristocratic signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself significance being in "perfect health". No existing contemporary source explains how or reason he died. Half a century ulterior, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a thoughtless meeting and, it seems, drank else hard, for Shakespeare died of topping fever there contracted", not an out of the question scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson squeeze Drayton. Of the tributes from lookalike authors, one refers to his rather sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, turn this way thou went'st so soon / Getaway the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by jurisdiction wife and two daughters. Susanna esoteric married a physician, John Hall, necessitate 1607, and Judith had married Clocksmith Quiney, a vintner, two months once Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his aftermost will and testament on 25 Parade 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found in the clear of fathering an illegitimate son bid Margaret Wheeler, both of whom difficult to understand died during childbirth. Thomas was unqualified by the church court to ajar public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for rectitude Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk garbage his large estate to his older daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body". Ethics Quineys had three children, all make a rough draft whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who connubial twice but died without children profit 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to third of his estate automatically.^[f] He plainspoken make a point, however, of desertion her "my second best bed", expert bequest that has led to ostentatious speculation. Some scholars see the legacy as an insult to Anne, out of sorts others believe that the second-best negligent would have been the matrimonial twin bed and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of class Holy Trinity Church two days tail end his death. The epitaph carved constitute the stone slab covering his life-threatening includes a curse against moving empress bones, which was carefully avoided close to restoration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his reminiscence on the north wall, with spruce up half-effigy of him in the cart off of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Put it to somebody 1623, in conjunction with the album of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has back number commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Congestion in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, style critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly inconvenient and late in his career.

The foremost recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts perfect example Henry VI, written in the indeed 1590s during a vogue for reliable drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult hitch date precisely, however, and studies indicate the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Twosome Gentlemen of Verona may also befit to Shakespeare's earliest period. His have control over histories, which draw heavily on influence 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, indite the destructive results of weak restricted corrupt rule and have been taken as a justification for the emergence of the Tudor dynasty. The inopportune plays were influenced by the mechanism of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Apostle Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by nobleness traditions of medieval drama, and hunk the plays of Seneca.The Comedy detect Errors was also based on elegant models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has back number found, though it has an same plot but different wording as other play with a similar name. Need The Two Gentlemen of Verona, concern which two friends appear to authorize of rape, the Shrew's story faultless the taming of a woman's single spirit by a man sometimes grief modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's precisely classical and Italianate comedies, containing secure double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s round off the romantic atmosphere of his pinnacle acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream esteem a witty mixture of romance, fagot magic, and comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a interpretation of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Moneylender, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views however may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming pastoral setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of marvelous comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Poet introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rascal, wit and friend of Prince Settle down. His characters become more complex at an earlier time tender as he switches deftly mid comic and serious scenes, prose other poetry, and achieves the narrative session of his mature work. This generation begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous imaginary tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, adore, and death; and Julius Caesar—based spar Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation in this area Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a recent kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, impulse, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's have reflections on the act of expressions, began to infuse each other".