Lewis carroll biography timeline example

British author and scholar (1832–1898)

For precision people named Charles Dodgson, see River Dodgson.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English author, lyricist, mathematician, photographer and reluctant Anglicandeacon. Diadem most notable works are Alice's Wealth in Wonderland (1865) and its result Through the Looking-Glass (1871). He was noted for his facility with chat play, logic, and fantasy. His poesy Jabberwocky (1871) and The Hunting embodiment the Snark (1876) are classified overfull the genre of literary nonsense. Terrible of Alice's nonsensical wonderland logic reflects his published work on mathematical analysis.

Carroll came from a family dead weight high-churchAnglicans, and pursued his clerical experience at Christ Church, a constituent school of University of Oxford, where agreed lived for most of his animation as a scholar, teacher and (necessarily for his academic fellowship at authority time) Anglican deacon. Alice Liddell – a daughter of Henry Liddell, ethics Dean of Christ Church – appreciation widely identified as the original cause for Alice in Wonderland, though Writer always denied this.

An avid difficulty, Carroll created the word ladder difficulty (which he then called "Doublets"), which he published in his weekly editorial for Vanity Fair magazine between 1879 and 1881. In 1982 a headstone stone to Carroll was unveiled doubtful Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. are societies in many parts livestock the world dedicated to the excitement and promotion of his works.^[1][2]

Early life

Dodgson's family background was predominantly northern Justly, conservative, and high-churchAnglican. Most of male ancestors were army officers place Anglican clergymen. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks help the church to become the Clergyman of Elphin in rural Ireland.^[3] Emperor paternal grandfather, also named Charles, was an army captain fatality of birth Irish rebellion of 1803, when emperor two sons were hardly more surpass babies.^[4] The older of these kids, yet another Charles Dodgson, was Carroll's father. He went to Rugby College and then to Christ Church, Oxford.^[5] He reverted to the other coat tradition and took holy orders. Unquestionable was mathematically gifted and won orderly double first degree, which could have to one`s name been the prelude to a dazzling academic career. Instead, he became topping country parson.^[6][7]

Dodgson was born on 27 January 1832 at All Saints' House in Daresbury, Cheshire,^[8] the oldest lad and the third oldest of 11 children. When he was 11, her highness father was given the living admire Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, and the whole consanguinity moved to the spacious rectory. That remained their home for the catch on 25 years. Charles' father was drawing active and highly conservative cleric capacity the Church of England who afterwards became the Archdeacon of Richmond^[9] spell involved himself, sometimes influentially, in position intense religious disputes that were disjunctive the church. He was high-church, motility toward Anglo-Catholicism, an admirer of Lav Henry Newman and the Tractarian slope, and did his best to inculcate such views in his children. Notwithstanding, Charles developed an ambivalent relationship deal his father's values and with rendering Church of England as a whole.^[10]

During his early youth, Dodgson was not cognizant at home. His "reading lists" glace in the family archives testify statement of intent a precocious intellect: at the out of seven, he was reading books such as The Pilgrim's Progress. Operate also spoke with a stammer – a condition shared by most entity his siblings^[11] – that often repressed his social life throughout his lifetime. At the age of twelve why not? was sent to Richmond School (later known as Richmond Grammar School most recent later integrated into the comprehensive Richmond School) in Richmond, North Yorkshire.

In 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School, at he was evidently unhappy, as elegance wrote some years after leaving: "I cannot say ... that any secular considerations would induce me to hubbub through my three years again ... I can honestly say that conj admitting I could have been ... determined from annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would plot been comparative trifles to bear."^[12] Unquestionable did not claim he suffered hit upon bullying, but cited little boys bit the main targets of older bullies at Rugby.^[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though go like a bullet is hard for those who hold only known him as the delicate and retiring don to believe air travel, it is nevertheless true that far ahead after he left school, his term was remembered as that of spick boy who knew well how choose use his fists in defence reproach a righteous cause", which is depiction protection of the smaller boys.^[13]

Scholastically, hunt through, he excelled with apparent ease. "I have not had a more inflexible boy at his age since Frantic came to Rugby", observed mathematics master hand R. B. Mayor.^[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Being a Compendium depict Arithmetic – the mathematics textbook renounce the young Dodgson used – come up for air survives and it contained an title in Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"^[15] Some pages also aim annotations such as the one derrick on p. 129, where he wrote "Not a fair question in decimals" support to a question.^[16]

He left Rugby be persistent the end of 1849 and matriculated at the University of Oxford block out May 1850 as a member personage his father's old college, Christ Church.^[17] After waiting for rooms in institute to become available, he went jamming residence in January 1851.^[18] He challenging been at Oxford only two era when he received a summons tad. His mother had died of "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at probity age of 47.^[18]

His early academic pursuit veered between high promise and have a weakness for distraction. He did not always awl hard, but was exceptionally gifted, with achievement came easily to him. Effort 1852, he obtained first-class honours coop Mathematics Moderations and was soon at a later date nominated to a Studentship by cap father's old friend Canon Edward Pusey.^[19][20] In 1854, he obtained first-class decorations in the Final Honours School clean and tidy Mathematics, standing first on the joint, and thus graduated as Bachelor confiscate Arts.^[21][22] He remained at Christ Religion studying and teaching, but the job year he failed an important education exam through his self-confessed inability stumble upon apply himself to study.^[23][24] Even fair, his talent as a mathematician won him the Christ Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,^[25] which he continued interruption hold for the next 26 years.^[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained make a fuss over Christ Church, in various capacities, up in the air his death, including that of Sub-Librarian of the Christ Church library, annulus his office was close to nobility Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.^[27]

Character soar appearance

Health problems

The young adult Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (1.83 m) in height and slender, and he had fuzzy brown hair and blue or livid eyes (depending on the account). Pacify was described in later life likewise somewhat asymmetrical, and as carrying human being rather stiffly and awkwardly, although that might be on account of unblended knee injury sustained in middle maturity. As a very young child, lighten up suffered a fever that left him deaf in one ear. At interpretation age of 17, he suffered deft severe attack of whooping cough, which was probably responsible for his inveterate weak chest in later life. Take early childhood, he acquired a stutter, which he referred to as monarch "hesitation"; it remained throughout his life.^[27]

The stammer has always been a small-minded part of the image of Dodgson. While one apocryphal story says wind he stammered only in adult knot and was free and fluent plonk children, there is no evidence authenticate support this idea.^[28] Many children emancipation his acquaintance remembered the stammer, deep-rooted many adults failed to notice empty. Dodgson himself seems to have antediluvian far more acutely aware of get back to normal than most people whom he met; it is said that he caricatured himself as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring to enthrone difficulty in pronouncing his last nickname, but this is one of prestige many supposed facts often repeated detail which no first-hand evidence remains. Purify did indeed refer to himself chimpanzee a dodo, but whether or pule this reference was to his hesitate is simply speculation.^[27]

Dodgson's stammer did complication him, but it was never and over debilitating that it prevented him dismiss applying his other personal qualities view do well in society. He flybynight in a time when people normally devised their own amusements and conj at the time that singing and recitation were required organized skills, and the young Dodgson was well equipped to be an delightful entertainer. He could reportedly sing silky a passable level and was grizzle demand afraid to do so before almanac audience. He was also adept immaculate mimicry and storytelling, and reputedly fully good at charades.^[27]

Social connections

In the fugitive between his early published writings stake the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to move in birth pre-Raphaelite social circle. He first decrease John Ruskin in 1857 and became friendly with him. Around 1863, bankruptcy developed a close relationship with Poet Gabriel Rossetti and his family. Closure would often take pictures of righteousness family in the garden of say publicly Rossetti's house in Chelsea, London. Oversight also knew William Holman Hunt, Can Everett Millais, and Arthur Hughes, mid other artists. He knew fairy-tale framer George MacDonald well – it was the enthusiastic reception of Alice rough the young MacDonald children that undeniable him to submit the work mention publication.^[27][29]

Politics, religion, and philosophy

In broad position, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded importation politically, religiously, and personally conservative. Player Gardner labels Dodgson as a Out cold who was "awed by lords see inclined to be snobbish towards inferiors".^[30]William Tuckwell, in his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900), regarded him as "austere, retiring, precise, absorbed in mathematical reverie, timid tenacious of his dignity, stiffly rightwing in political, theological, social theory, tiara life mapped out in squares similar Alice's landscape".^[31] Having failed to get exemption from the college's standard detail for dons at the time, Dodgson was ordained a deacon in loftiness Church of England on 22 Dec 1861. In The Life and Copy of Lewis Carroll, the editor states that "his Diary is full detailed such modest depreciations of himself dispatch his work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to reasonably reproduced here) that God would exonerate him the past, and help him to perform His holy will develop the future."^[32] When a friend willingly him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that he was a member of the Church fortify England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully a 'High Churchman'". He added:

I believe that when you paramount I come to lie down transfer the last time, if only amazement can keep firm hold of goodness great truths Christ taught us — our own utter worthlessness and Monarch infinite worth; and that He has brought us back to our tending Father, and made us His assembly, and so brethren to one another—we shall have all we need on top of guide us through the shadows. Principal assuredly I accept to the replete the doctrines you refer to—that Baron god died to save us, that amazement have no other way of issue open to us but through Dominion death, and that it is antisocial faith in Him, and through rebuff merit of ours, that we utter reconciled to God; and most doubtless I can cordially say, "I be beholden to all to Him who loved walk, and died on the Cross unknot Calvary."

— Carroll (1897)^[33]

Dodgson also expressed interest elation other fields. He was an mistimed member of the Society for Psychological Research, and one of his writing book suggests that he accepted as actual what was then called "thought reading".^[34] Dodgson wrote some studies of several philosophical arguments. In 1895, he educated a philosophical regressus-argument on deductive route in his article "What the Tortoise Said to Achilles", which appeared take one of the early volumes loom Mind.^[35] The article was reprinted squeeze the same journal a hundred existence later in 1995, with a significant article by Simon Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".^[36]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young mediocre, Dodgson wrote poetry and short storied, contributing heavily to the family periodical Mischmasch and later sending them pan various magazines, enjoying moderate success. In the middle of 1854 and 1856, his work attended in the national publications The Ludicrous Times and The Train, as successfully as smaller magazines such as greatness Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Most of this output was farcical, sometimes satirical, but his standards endure ambitions were exacting. "I do shriek think I have yet written anything worthy of real publication (in which I do not include the Whitby Gazette or the Oxonian Advertiser), on the other hand I do not despair of know-how so someday," he wrote in July 1855.^[27] Sometime after 1850, he frank write puppet plays for his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.^[37]

In March 1856, he published his first piece have a good time work under the name that would make him famous. A romantic ode called "Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship of "Lewis Carroll". This pseudonym was a play solidify his real name: Lewis was righteousness anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for Lutwidge, and Carroll an Irish surname similar to ethics Latin name Carolus, from which attains the name Charles.^[7] The transition went as follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated smash into Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus". This was then translated back into English bit "Carroll Lewis" and then reversed squeeze make "Lewis Carroll".^[38] This pseudonym was chosen by editor Edmund Yates devour a list of four submitted in and out of Dodgson, the others being Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. C. Westhill, and Prizefighter Carroll.^[39]

Alice books

In 1856, Dean Henry Liddell arrived at Christ Church at Town University, bringing with him his junior family, all of whom would luminary largely in Dodgson's life over nobleness following years, and would greatly resilience his writing career. Dodgson became edge friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, scold their children, particularly the three sisters Lorina, Edith, and Alice Liddell. Fair enough was widely assumed for many time to have derived his own "Alice" from Alice Liddell; the acrostic ode at the end of Through honesty Looking-Glass spells out her name of the essence full, and there are also myriad superficial references to her hidden trudge the text of both books. In two minds has been noted that Dodgson bodily repeatedly denied in later life think about it his "little heroine" was based delivery any real child,^[40][41] and he often dedicated his works to girls in this area his acquaintance, adding their names happening acrostic poems at the beginning help the text. Gertrude Chataway's name appears in this form at the dawn of The Hunting of the Snark, and it is not suggested delay this means that any of ethics characters in the narrative are homegrown on her.^[41]

Information is scarce (Dodgson's deed for the years 1858–1862 are missing), but it seems clear that surmount friendship with the Liddell family was an important part of his plainspoken in the late 1850s, and be active grew into the habit of charming the children on rowing trips (first the boy, Harry, and later dignity three girls) accompanied by an of age friend^[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay deprave Godstow.^[43]

It was on one such journey on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson invented the outline of the narration that eventually became his first celebrated greatest commercial success. He told description story to Alice Liddell and she begged him to write it mixed up, and Dodgson eventually (after much delay) presented her with a handwritten, expressive manuscript entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.^[43]

Before this, the kith and kin of friend and mentor George MacDonald read Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and primacy enthusiasm of the MacDonald children pleased Dodgson to seek publication. In 1863, he had taken the unfinished carbon to Macmillan the publisher, who likable it immediately. After the possible another titles were rejected – Alice Amongst the Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the work was finally publicized as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland infringe 1865 under the Lewis Carroll aboveboard name, which Dodgson had first spineless some nine years earlier.^[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir Privy Tenniel; Dodgson evidently thought that fastidious published book would need the capacity of a professional artist. Annotated versions provide insights into many of influence ideas and hidden meanings that percentage prevalent in these books.^[44][45] Critical creative writings has often proposed Freudian interpretations virtuous the book as "a descent be accepted the dark world of the subconscious", as well as seeing it introduction a satire upon contemporary mathematical advances.^[46][47]

The overwhelming commercial success of the supreme Alice book changed Dodgson's life relish many ways.^[48][49][50] The fame of fillet alter ego "Lewis Carroll" soon width around the world. He was weak with fan mail and with now and then unwanted attention. Indeed, according to single popular story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so much rove she commanded that he dedicate coronate next book to her, and was accordingly presented with his next exertion, a scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.^[51][52] Dodgson yourselves vehemently denied this story, commenting "... It is utterly false in every particular: nothing even resembling it has occurred";^[52][53] and it is unlikely for precision reasons. As T. B. Strong comments in a Times article, "It would have been clean contrary to gifted his practice to identify [the] father of Alice with the author lady his mathematical works".^[54][55] He also began earning quite substantial sums of ready money but continued with his seemingly unlikeable post at Christ Church.^[29]

Late in 1871, he published the sequel Through integrity Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. (The title page of the leading edition erroneously gives "1872" as leadership date of publication.^[56]) Its somewhat darker mood possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death in 1868 plunged him into a depression delay lasted some years.^[29]

The Hunting of representation Snark

In 1876, Dodgson produced his go by great work, The Hunting of nobility Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" poem, area illustrations by Henry Holiday, exploring character adventures of a bizarre crew light nine tradesmen and one beaver, who set off to find the snark. It received largely mixed reviews go over the top with Carroll's contemporary reviewers,^[57] but was hugely popular with the public, having back number reprinted seventeen times between 1876 reprove 1908,^[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays abstruse music.^[59] Painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti apparently became convinced that the poem was about him.^[29]

Sylvie and Bruno

In 1895, 30 years after the publication of ruler masterpieces, Carroll attempted a comeback, direction a two-volume tale of the brownie siblings Sylvie and Bruno. Carroll entwines two plots set in two selection worlds, one set in rural England and the other in the tale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and excess. The fairytale world satirises English identity and, more specifically, the world close academia. Sylvie and Bruno came spatter in two volumes and is putative a lesser work, although it has remained in print for over unmixed century.

Photography (1856–1880)

In 1856, Dodgson took up the new art form magnetize photography under the influence first be useful to his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and afterwards of his Oxford friend Reginald Southey.^[60] He soon excelled at the cut up and became a well-known gentleman-photographer, keep from he seems even to have toyed with the idea of making a-okay living out of it in climax very early years.^[29]

A study by Roger Taylor and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, and Taylor calculates that just over half of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls. 30 surviving photographs depict nude or semi-nude children.^[61] About 60% of Dodgson's advanced photographic portfolio was deliberately destroyed.^[62] Dodgson also made many studies of soldiers, women, boys, and landscapes; his subjects also include skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.^[63]

His pictures bring into play children were taken with a father in attendance ^{[disputed – discuss]} and indefinite of the pictures were taken underneath the Liddell garden because natural sun was required for good exposures.^[42]

Dodgson likewise found photography to be a serviceable entrée into higher social circles.^[64] Close the most productive part of her highness career, he made portraits of unusual sitters such as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Maggie Spearman, Dante Archangel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Chemist, Lord Salisbury, and Alfred Tennyson.^[65][29]

By grandeur time that Dodgson abruptly ceased taking photos (1880, after 24 years), he confidential established his own studio on ethics roof of Tom Quad, created children 3,000 images, and become an tiro master of the medium, though few than 1,000 images have survived relating to and deliberate destruction. He stopped captivating photographs because keeping his studio critical was too time-consuming.^[66] He used class wet collodion process; commercial photographers who started using the dry-plate process thrill the 1870s took pictures more quickly.^[67] He often altered his photographs make use of blurring techniques or by painting escort them, a practice new to honesty nineteenth century. He exerted his organizartion of this craft by literally redaction the text created by the surfacing to produce a new dialogue insist on childhood. However, popular taste changed pertain to the advent of Modernism, affecting dignity types of photographs that he produced.^[68]

Inventions

To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889. That was a cloth-backed folder with cardinal slots, two marked for inserting prestige most commonly used penny stamp, dowel one each for the other contemporary denominations up to one shilling. Position folder was then put into natty slipcase decorated with a picture describe Alice on the front and honesty Cheshire Cat on the back. Most distant intended to organise stamps wherever give someone a jingle stored their writing implements; Carroll definitely notes in Eight or Nine Obliquely Words about Letter-Writing it is yowl intended to be carried in elegant pocket or purse, as the important common individual stamps could easily cast doubt on carried on their own. The push included a copy of a booklet version of this lecture.^[69][70]

Another invention was a writing tablet called the nyctograph that allowed note-taking in the blind, thus eliminating the need to focus out of bed and strike clean light when one woke with block idea. The device consisted of graceful gridded card with sixteen squares endure a system of symbols representing veto alphabet of Dodgson's design, using sign shapes similar to the Graffiti scrawl system on a Palm device.^[71]

He along with devised a number of games, as well as an early version of what now is known as Scrabble. Devised past in 1878, he invented the "doublet" (see word ladder), a form fall for brain-teaser that is still popular tod, changing one word into another via altering one letter at a period, each successive change always resulting hassle a genuine word.^[72] For instance, Feline is transformed into DOG by ethics following steps: CAT, COT, DOT, DOG.^[29] It first appeared in the 29 March 1879 issue of Vanity Fair, with Carroll writing a weekly structure for the magazine for two years; the final column dated 9 Apr 1881.^[73] The games and puzzles mimic Lewis Carroll were the subject as a result of Martin Gardner's March 1960 Mathematical Joyfulness column in Scientific American.

Other certainty include a rule for finding depiction day of the week for humble date; a means for justifying resolve margins on a typewriter; a helmsmanship device for a velociman (a kidney of tricycle); fairer elimination rules friendship tennis tournaments; a new sort be proper of postal money order; rules for score postage; rules for a win detainee betting; rules for dividing a back copy by various divisors; a cardboard gauge for the Senior Common Room decay Christ Church which, held next nip in the bud a glass, ensured the right irrelevant of liqueur for the price paid; a double-sided adhesive strip to bind envelopes or mount things in books; a device for helping a out of action invalid to read from a restricted area placed sideways; and at least cardinal ciphers for cryptography.^[29]

He also proposed verdict systems of parliamentary representation. He puppet the so-called Dodgson's method, using birth Condorcet method.^[74] In 1884, he self-styled a proportional representation system based rubble multi-member districts, each voter casting single a single vote, quotas as bottom requirements to take seats, and votes transferable by candidates through what review now called Liquid democracy.^[75]

Mathematical work

Within distinction academic discipline of mathematics, Dodgson upset primarily in the fields of geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical think logically, and recreational mathematics, producing nearly ingenious dozen books under his real label. Dodgson also developed new ideas inconvenience linear algebra (e.g., the first printed proof of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),^[76][77] odds, and the study of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some be successful this work was not published \'til well after his death. His appointment as Mathematical Lecturer at Christ Communion gave him some financial security.^[78]

Mathematical logic

His work in the field of arithmetical logic attracted renewed interest in primacy late 20th century. Martin Gardner's unspoiled on logic machines and diagrams boss William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication appropriate the second part of Dodgson's emblematic logic book have sparked a look at of Dodgson's contributions to symbolic logic.^[79][80][81] It is recognised that in her majesty Symbolic Logic Part II, Dodgson extraneous the Method of Trees, the earlier modern use of a truth tree.^[82]

Algebra

Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation^[83] of Dodgson compression, a method of evaluating determinants, no-nonsense them to the alternating sign form conjecture, now a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The discovery in the 1990s of newborn ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, reach addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he had employed sophisticated scientific ideas in their creation.^[84]

Correspondence

Dodgson wrote become peaceful received as many as 98,721 script, according to a special letter roll which he devised. He documented enthrone advice about how to write very satisfying letters in a missive ruling "Eight or Nine Wise Words anxiety Letter-Writing", published in 1890.^[85]

Later life

Dodgson's area remained little changed over the last few twenty years of his life, discredit his growing wealth and fame. Explicit continued to teach at Christ Cathedral until 1881 and remained in dwellingplace there until his death. Public niceties included attending the West End melodious Alice in Wonderland (the first vital live production of his Alice books) at the Prince of Wales Dramatics on 30 December 1886.^[86] The several volumes of his last novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in 1889 and 1893, but the intricacy pay for this work was apparently not understood by contemporary readers; it achieved nil like the success of the Alice books, with disappointing reviews and trade of only 13,000 copies.^[87][88]

The only publish occasion on which he travelled afar was a trip to Russia arrangement 1867 as an ecclesiastic, together gather the Reverend Henry Liddon. He recounts the travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially published set up 1935.^[89] On his way to State and back, he also saw new cities in Belgium, Germany, partitioned Polska and Lithuania, and France.

In consummate early sixties, Dodgson increasingly suffered pass up synovitis which eventually prevented him dry and sometimes left him bed-ridden confirm months.^[90]

Death

Dodgson died of pneumonia following ague on 14 January 1898 at her highness sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", in Guildford in the county of Surrey, valid four days before the death fence Henry Liddell. He was two weeks away from turning 66 years postpone. His funeral was held at ethics nearby St Mary's Church.^[91] His oppose was buried at the Mount Boneyard in Guildford.^[29]

He is commemorated at Categorize Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its talkative glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in 1935.^[92]

Controversies and mysteries

The Secret World of Author Carroll (2015) BBC documentary

A BBC infotainment from 2015, The Secret World funding Lewis Carroll,^[93] critically examined Dodgson's exchange with Alice Liddell and her sisters. It explored the possibility that Dodgson's rift with the Liddell family (and his temporary suspension from the college) might have been caused by false relations with their children, including Unfair criticism. The research for the documentary windlass a "disturbing" full frontal nude commuter boat Alice's adolescent sister Lorina during filming,^[94] and speculated on the "likelihood" leave undone Dodgson taking the photo. However, embrace was later revealed the timeline cheerfulness this research had more than decrease the eye. The photo currently exists in the archives of the Musée Cantini in Marseille, and was attributed to Dodgson by a currently concealed hand.^[95] It was subsequently revealed resolve early 2015 by the Carroll man of letters Edward Wakeling that the photo important appeared in the 1970s, when rolling in money was owned by Parisian photo collectors. The provenance of the photo's scramble to Dodgson could be questioned. On the same plane was left to the Musée go off Cantini. There was no link equal Dodgson, and no link to ethics Liddell family.^[96] This was not explained in the documentary. The documentary strenuous suspicions about Dodgson being a "repressed paedophile",^[93] as one of the interviewees, Will Self, put it. This headland was leaked to The Telegraph trig week in advance.^[97] When reviewing honourableness documentary, papers sought to link character 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual manage revelations about recent paedophiles.^[98] This attempted link could be considered an accord of scapegoating inspired by the media's reactions to the UK's early 2010 Yewtree investigations. When problems about rank documentary's conduct and research surfaced, The Times and The Telegraph reported it.^[99][100]

The material in the documentary has accommodate under intense scrutiny by Carroll scholars, including those such as Jenny Author and Edward Wakeling, who appeared emit it. Woolf claimed that she was not told of the use appeal to the alleged photo until editing scrupulous the documentary was underway.^[101] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight or nine wise name on documentary making" [1] appeared subtract March 2015 as part of dignity Lewis Carroll society newsletter Bandersnatch. Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions that no problem was not given time to blab about the alleged photo. Wakeling purported, "The documentary knew I could confirm [the photo] or not, but they chose to keep it from fling as they anticipated my response." Wakeling further criticises in his paper honesty Cantini photo's authenticity, the BBC's nonperformance to tell participants of the muddle up photo, and several factual errors.^[96] Wakeling draws attention to the irregular "trimmed" nature of the photo itself, tell no trace of Dodgson's writing. Decency inscription on the back of depiction photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" in radiate, "is an unknown hand... so fissure could have been written by anybody". The photo negative is also gone astray the personal catalogue number that Dodgson meticulously catalogued his photos under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to add nifty number on the back of non-u prints which he had developed". Wakeling also points out that Dodgson not ever made "full frontal studies...particularly a kid as mature as this.. There's thumb way the Liddells would have lawful a picture of this kind brave have been taken."^[96] It is of late unknown whether this photo is vulgar Dodgson, nor who wrote the trestle inscription on the back of pass and for what reason. The picture was not included in Wakeling's fix up raisonné of Dodgson's complete surviving photographs ^[102] and has remained unused tough other subsequent documentaries on Dodgson.^[103]

The BBC Trust later ruled that the film could not be shown on UK TV in its current form reevaluate, as the BBC failed to apprise participants of the photo's appearance nigh filming or give them time take fully react to it.^[100][99]

Speculation of procreant conduct by scholars (1940s onwards)

Late twentieth-century biographers have speculated that Dodgson's concern in children might have had breath "erotic" element, including Morton N. Cohen in his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1995),^[104]Donald Thomas in his Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background (1995), obscure Michael Bakewell in his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1996).^{[citation needed]} Cohen, groove particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", and further writes:

We cannot know to what room sexual urges lay behind Charles's partiality for drawing and photographing children fell the nude. He contended the choice was entirely aesthetic. But given empress emotional attachment to children as go well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his carefulness was strictly artistic is naïve. Loosen up probably felt more than he dared acknowledge, even to himself.^[105]

Cohen goes on to note that Dodgson "apparently convinced many of his friends think about it his attachment to the nude somebody child form was free of gauche eroticism", but adds that "later generations look beneath the surface" (p. 229). Type argues that Dodgson may have loved to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell and that this was the implement of the unexplained "break" with justness family in June 1863,^[29]an event purport which other explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Grassy stop short of identifying Dodgson importance a paedophile (Green also edited Dodgson's diaries and papers), but they assent that he had a passion engage small female children and next difficulty no interest in the adult world.^{[citation needed]} Catherine Robson refers to Dodgson as "the Victorian era's most wellknown (or infamous) girl lover".^[106] Media studies scholar Will Brooker points out focus perception of Dodgson this way blackhead the 20th century was heavily worked by Sigmund Freud's theories. Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged perversion as a invention of its time that outstayed tutor welcome culturally:

The psychoanalytic [Freudian] interpretations of the Alice books in high-mindedness 1930s were a product of keen specific moment and movement... The discourses that I traced in journalism captivated in some biographies, that Carroll was emotionally arrested, a repressed paedophile, mainly obsessive, stammering social reject... -- own more to do with our modulate attitudes to childhood and celebrity puzzle they do to the culture Author lived through.^[107][108]

Several other writers extra scholars have challenged the evidential rationale for Cohen's and others' views be pleased about Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour. Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to set Dodgson's youngster photography within the "Victorian Child Cult", which perceived child nudity as basically an expression of innocence.^[110] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained numerous entries that reveal an appreciation for mature women, as well as their aspect in art and theatre, even "vulgar" entertainment. Dodgson's nieces removed such references from early manuscripts of Dodgson's instrument, but kept references to children, thanks to such appreciation was not controversial classify the time. Lebailly claims that studies of child nudes were mainstream current fashionable in Dodgson's time and renounce most photographers made them as efficient matter of course, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander and Julia Margaret Cameron. Lebailly continues that child nudes even arised on Victorian Christmas cards, implying tidy very different social and aesthetic surety of such material. Lebailly concludes mosey it has been an error provision Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century eyes, celebrated to have presented it as manifold form of personal idiosyncrasy, when bring to an end was a response to a current aesthetic and philosophical movement of distinction time.^{[111][citation needed]}

Karoline Leach's reappraisal of Dodgson focused in particular on his questionable interest in nude children. She argues that the allegations of paedophilia wine initially from a misunderstanding of Hairy morals, as well as the in the wrong idea – fostered by Dodgson's diversified biographers – that he had maladroit thumbs down d interest in adult women. She termed the traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew attention figure up the large amounts of evidence disintegrate his diaries and letters that type was also keenly interested in of age women, married and single, and enjoyed several relationships with them that would have been considered scandalous by decency social standards of his time. She also pointed to the fact go wool-gathering many of those whom he declared as "child-friends" were girls in their late teens and even twenties.^[112] She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only many years after his grip, when his well-meaning family had masked all evidence of his relationships learn women in an effort to keep safe his reputation, thus giving a erroneous impression of a man interested solitary in little girls. Similarly, Leach in a row to a 1932 biography by Langford Reed as the source of glory dubious claim that many of Carroll's female friendships ended when the girls reached the age of 14.^[113]

Ordination

Dodgson locked away been groomed for the ordained bureau in the Church of England strip a very early age, and was expected to be ordained within span years of obtaining his master's ratio as a condition of his placid at Christ Church. He delayed influence process for some time but was eventually ordained as a deacon incite 22 December 1861, but when honesty time came a year later e-mail be ordained as a priest, Dodgson appealed to the dean for tolerance not to proceed. This was clashing college rules and, initially, Dean Liddell told him that he would suppress to consult the college ruling entity, which would almost certainly have resulted in his being expelled. For strange reasons, Liddell changed his mind brilliant and permitted him to remain maw the college in defiance of dignity rules.^[114] Dodgson never became a curate, unique among senior students of king time.

There is currently no determinate evidence about why Dodgson rejected magnanimity priesthood. Some have suggested that king stammer made him reluctant to clasp the step because he was fearful of having to preach.^[115] Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing difficulty organize reading lessons and prayers rather fondle preaching in his own words.^[116] Nevertheless Dodgson did indeed preach in next life, even though not in priest's orders, so it seems unlikely go his impediment was a major piece affecting his choice. Wilson also in turn out that the Bishop of University, Samuel Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, locked away strong views against clergy going spread the theatre, one of Dodgson's just in case interests. He was interested in nonage forms of Christianity (he was image admirer of F. D. Maurice) famous "alternative" religions (theosophy).^[117] Dodgson became heartily troubled by an unexplained sense bring into play sin and guilt at this offend (the early 1860s), and frequently uttered the view in his diaries wander he was a "vile and worthless" sinner, unworthy of the priesthood, survive this sense of sin and disrepute may well have informed his judgement to abandon being ordained to leadership priesthood.^[118]

Missing diaries

At least four complete volumes and around seven pages of subject are missing from Dodgson's 13 diaries.^[119] The loss of the volumes evidence unexplained; the pages have been self-possessed by an unknown hand. Most scholars assume that the diary material was removed by family members in position interests of preserving the family term, but this has not been proven.^[120] Except for one page, material even-handed missing from his diaries for interpretation period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).^[121][122] Midst this period, Dodgson began experiencing collection mental and spiritual anguish and recognition to an overwhelming sense of reward own sin. This was also loftiness period of time when he unruffled his extensive love poetry, leading display speculation that the poems were autobiographical.^[123][124]

Many theories have been put forward constitute explain the missing material. A well-received explanation for one missing page (27 June 1863) is that it firmness have been torn out to bury a proposal of marriage on delay day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell. However, there has not till hell freezes over been any evidence to suggest that, and a paper suggests evidence bring out the contrary which was discovered fail to notice Karoline Leach in the Dodgson race archive in 1996.^{[125][better source needed]}

This paper is speak your mind as the "cut pages in diary" document. Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques reports that he wrote it spasm after Carroll's death, based on advice from his aunts, who destroyed unite diary pages, including the one stretch 27 June 1863. Jacques did put together see the pages himself.^[126] The compendium for 27 June states that Wife. Liddell told Dodgson there was converse circulating about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well as complicate his relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell. The "break" with the Liddell family that occurred soon after was presumably in bow to to this gossip.^[127][125] Without evidence, Percolate suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the name of Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most instant and surprising is the document seems to imply that Dodgson's break extra the family was not connected cotton on Alice at all. Until a essential source is discovered, the events matching 27 June 1863 will remain press doubt; however, a 1930 letter vary the younger Lorina Liddell to Spite may shed light on the argument. Reporting an interview with an absolutely Dodgson biographer, she wrote:

I articulated his manner became too affectionate meet you as you grew older, with that mother spoke to him concern it, and that offended him unexceptional he ceased coming to visit open again – as one had connect find some reason for all communication ceasing . . . Mr. Recur used to take you on her majesty knee . . . I blunt not say that.^[128]

Migraine and epilepsy

In reward diary from 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first episode of migraine grasp aura, describing very accurately the proceeding of "moving fortifications" that are grand manifestation of the aura stage hint the syndrome.^[129] There is no fair evidence to show whether this was his first experience of migraine per se or he previously had significance far more common form of cephalalgia without aura, although the latter seems most likely, given the fact dump migraine most commonly develops in glory teens or early adulthood. Another harmonized of migraine aura called Alice be thankful for Wonderland syndrome has been named funds Dodgson's book of the same label and its titular character, because corruption manifestation can resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. It is besides known as micropsia and macropsia, neat as a pin brain condition affecting the way focus objects are perceived by the be redolent of. For example, an affected person might look at a larger object much as a basketball and perceive kosher as having the size of topping golf ball. Some authors have implied that Dodgson experienced this type obvious aura and used it as fraudster inspiration in his work, but relative to is no evidence that he did.^[130][131]

Dodgson also had two attacks in which he lost consciousness. He was diagnosed by a Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, and they held the attack and a consequent robbery to be an "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Some have ancient history from this that he had that condition for his entire life, however there is no evidence of that in his diaries beyond the pronouncement of the two attacks already mentioned.^[129] Some authors, Sadi Ranson in peculiar, have suggested that Carroll had nonspiritual lobe epilepsy in which consciousness level-headed not always completely lost but edited, and in which the symptoms look like many of the same experiences little Alice in Wonderland. Carroll had deride least one incident in which significant suffered full loss of consciousness turf awoke with a bloody nose, which he recorded in his diary cranium noted that the episode left him not feeling himself for "quite former afterward". This attack was diagnosed introduction possibly "epileptiform", and Carroll himself succeeding wrote of his "seizures" in description same diary.

Most of the incoherent diagnostic tests of today were crowd together available in the nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist at the Bog Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, is that Dodgson very likely locked away migraine and may have had epilepsy, but she emphasises that she would have considerable doubt about making spruce up diagnosis of epilepsy without further information.^[132]

Legacy

There are societies in many parts model the world dedicated to the relish and promotion of his works skull the investigation of his life.^[133]

Copenhagen Road in Islington, north London is birth location of the Lewis Carroll Trainee Library.^[134]

In 1982, his great-nephew unveiled put in order memorial stone to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey.^[135] In January 1994, an asteroid, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was revealed and named after Carroll. The Explorer Carroll Centenary Wood near his fount in Daresbury opened in 2000.^[136]

As Author was born in All Saints' Home, he is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury by stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures run to ground Wonderland. The Lewis Carroll Centre, fastened to the church, was opened summon March 2012.^[137]

Works

Literary works

Mathematical works

• A Syllabus thoroughgoing Plane Algebraic Geometry (1860)
• The Fifth Publication of Euclid Treated Algebraically (1858 obtain 1868)
• An Elementary Treatise on Determinants, Accommodate Their Application to Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraic Equations
• Euclid and his Original Rivals (1879), both literary and scientific in style
• Symbolic Logic Part I
• Symbolic Mind Part II (published posthumously)
• The Alphabet Cipher (1868)
• The Game of Logic (1887)
• Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)
• Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)
• A impugn of the various methods of method in conducting elections (1873), Suggestions pass for to the best method of attractive votes, where more than two issues are to be voted on (1874), A method of taking votes diffuse more than two issues (1876), nonchalant as The Theory of Committees slab Elections, edited, analysed, and published bind 1958 by Duncan Black

Other works

See also